Imbali emfutshane yoTyalo-mali

Namhlanje kweli nqaku sizama ukwazisa imbali emfutshane malungainkqubo yokuphosa utyalo-mali. Njengendlela endala kodwa entsha yokuphosa, utyalo-mali lwaphuhliswa njengetekhnoloji entsha ephakanyiswe amaxesha ngamaxesha. Enkosi kuphuhliso lwetekhnoloji yale mihla, izixhobo zokuphosa kunye noomatshini, nkqu nenkqubo esisiseko iphantse yafana naleyo yayisetyenziswa kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo, utyalo-mali lwenziwa lwaphucuka kakhulu kwaye ukuphosa kunomgangatho ongcono kunye nokunyamezelana okuqinileyo ekusebenzeni okuphezulu kwemveliso. .

Imbali yokuphosa i-wax elahlekileyo ibuyele kumawaka eminyaka. Ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwakuqala yayiyimifanekiso eqingqiweyo, imihombiso kunye nobucwebe, kusetyenziswa inyosi yendalo yeepateni, udongwe lokubumba kunye nemivumbo eqhutywa ngesandla yokutshisa iziko. Imizekelo ifunyenwe kwihlabathi liphela kwi-India yempucuko yaseHarappan (2500-2000 BC) izithixo, amangcwaba aseYiputa aseTutankhamun (1333–1324 BC), eMesopotamia, eAztec naseMayan Mexico, kunye nempucuko yaseBenin eAfrika apho inkqubo yavelisa umzobo ocacileyo we. ubhedu, ubhedu negolide.

Umbhalo wokuqala owaziwayo ochaza inkqubo yotyalo-mali (i-Schedula Diversarum Artium) yabhalwa malunga ne-1100 AD nguTheophilus Presbyter, imonki echaza iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokuvelisa, kuquka iresiphi yesikhumba. Le ncwadi isetyenziswe ngumkroli kunye nomkhandi wegolide uBenvenuto Cellini (1500-1571), oye wachaza kwi-autobiography yakhe inkqubo yokutyalomali ayisebenzisileyo kwiPerseus kunye neNtloko yeMedusa eqingqiweyo emele iLoggia dei Lanzi eFlorence, eItali.

Utyalo-mali lwaqala ukusetyenziswa njengenkqubo yemizi-mveliso yanamhlanje ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, xa oogqirha bamazinyo baqalisa ukuyisebenzisela ukwenza izithsaba kunye nezandiso, njengoko kuchazwe nguGqr. D. Philbrook weCouncil Bluffs, e-Iowa ngo-1897. UWilliam H. Taggart waseChicago, iphepha lakhe le-1907 lachaza ukuphuhliswa kwakhe kobuchule. Uphinde waqulunqa ikhompawundi yepateni yewax yeepropati ezigqwesileyo, waphuhlisa imathiriyeli yotyalo-mali, kwaye wayila umatshini wokuphosa umoya.

Ngeminyaka yoo-1940, ngakumbi iMfazwe yeHlabathi yesiBini yonyuse imfuno yokwenziwa kobume obuchanekileyo kunye neealloyi ezikhethekileyo ezingenako ukubunjwa ziinkqubo zokuphosa zemveli, okanye ukwenziwa komatshini okuninzi kuyafuneka. Ushishino luguqukele ekubeni lutyale imali. Emva kwemfazwe, inkqubo yokulahla i-wax elahlekileyo yasasazeka kwizicelo ezininzi zorhwebo kunye nezoshishino ezisebenzisa iinxalenye zetsimbi ezinzima kwaye zaphakama ukuba zilawule kwimveliso yompu ngokusebenzisa iteknoloji entsha ukunciphisa umatshini onzima wabasebenzi.

Iindlela zala maxesha zokusahlela (ilahleko yokuphosa) ubuchule buvela kuphuhliso lwaseUnited Kingdom lwenkqubo yeqokobhe esebenzisa iipateni zewax eyaziwa ngokuba yinkqubo yotyalo-mali engu-X. Le ndlela yayisombulula ingxaki yokususwa kwe-wax ngokugquma iqokobhe eligqityiweyo nelomisiweyo kwisixhobo sokususa umphunga. Umphunga watyhutyha iqokobhe ukuze unyibilike kwaye unyibilike umthwebeba. Le nkqubo iye yaguqulwa kwiminyaka ukuya kwinkqubo yangoku yokunyibilikisa i-wax enyulu kwi-autoclave okanye eziko.