Ukuphosa yenye yeendlela zokuqala zokwenza isinyithi ezaziwa ngabantu. Ngokuqhelekileyo kuthetha ukuthulula isinyithi esinyibilikiweyo kwisikhunta esichasayo kunye nomngxuma wobume ekufuneka yenziwe, kwaye siyivumele ukuba yomelele. Nini
iqine, into enqwenelekayo yesinyithi ithathwa ngaphandle kwesikhunta esichasayo mhlawumbi ngokwaphula ukungunda okanye ngokuthatha ukungunda. Into eyomeleleyo ibizwa ngokuba kukuphosa. Le nkqubo ikwabizwa ngokuba kukusekwa
1. Imbali yenkqubo yokuphosa
Inkqubo yokuphosa mhlawumbi yafunyanwa malunga ne-3500 BC eMesopotamiya. Kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi ngelo xesha, izembe zobhedu kunye nezinye izinto ezicaba zaziveliswa ngomngundo ovulekileyo owenziwe ngamatye okanye ubhakwe
udongwe. Ezi zibumba zazisisiqwenga esinye. Kodwa kumaxesha amva, xa izinto ezijikelezileyo zazifuna ukwenziwa, ukungunda okunje kwahlulwa kubini okanye nangaphezulu ukulungiselela ukurhoxiswa kwezinto ezijikelezileyo
Ubudala beBronze (c 2000 BC) buzise ukucokiswa okungaphezulu kwinkqubo yokuphosa. Ngethuba lokuqala mhlawumbi, isiseko sokwenza iipokotho ezingenanto kwizinto zaqulunqwa. Ezi cores zazenziwe ngodongwe olibhakiweyo.
Kwakhona, i-cire perdue okanye inkqubo elahlekileyo ye-wax yayisetyenziselwa kakhulu ukwenza izihombiso kunye nomsebenzi olungileyo.
Itekhnoloji yokuphosa iphuculwe kakhulu ngamaTshayina malunga ne-1500 BC. Ngaphambi koko, akukho bungqina bayo nayiphi na into eyenziweyo e-China. Ababonakali ukuba babalaseleyo
I-famillar ngenkqubo ye-cire perdue okanye ayisebenzise kakhulu kodwa endaweni yoko ikhetheke ekubunjweni kwezinto ezininzi zokwenza imisebenzi entsonkothileyo. Bachitha ixesha elininzi begqibezela ukungunda kwiinkcukacha zokugqibela ukuze kube nzima
nawuphina umsebenzi wokugqiba wawufuneka ekubunjweni okwenziwe ngumngundo. Mhlawumbi benza iziqwenga zomngcelele ezineziqwenga ezifakwe ngononophelo, ezinamashumi amathathu nangaphezulu. Ngapha koko, uninzi lwezinto zokubumba eziye zavunjululwa
Ukurhola ukombiwa kwezinto zakudala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zase China.
Impucuko yase-Indus Valley iyaziwa ngokusetyenziswa kwayo kakhulu ekubunjweni kobhedu kunye nobhedu ngezihombiso, izixhobo, izixhobo kunye nezixhobo. Kodwa kwakungekho phucuko lungako kwitekhnoloji. Ukusuka kwiinguqu
ous izinto kunye neesimboli ezafunyanwa kwiziza ze-Indus Valley, kubonakala ngathi babeqhelene nazo zonke iindlela ezaziwayo zokuphosa ezifana nokuvunda okuvulekileyo, ukungunda kunye nenkqubo ye-cire
Nangona i-Indiya inokuthiwa yenziwe ngentsimbi ye-crucible, akukho ninzi yesiseko sensimbi eyabonakala eIndiya. Kukho ubungqina bokuba ukusekwa kwesinyithi kwakuqale malunga ne-1000 BC eSyria nasePersi. Iyavela
Itekhnoloji yokuphosa i-iron e-India ibisetyenziswa ukusuka kumaxesha okuhlasela kuka-Alexander the Great, malunga ne-300 BC.
Insika yentsimbi edumileyo ngoku ebekwe kufutshane ne-Qutb minar eDelhi ngumzekelo wobuchule be-metallurgical yamaIndiya amandulo. Siyi-7.2 m ubude kwaye senziwe ngentsimbi esulungekileyo engenakulinganiswa. Oku kucingelwa ukuba kweye
Ixesha likaChandragupta II (375-413 AD) wobukhosi bakwaGupta. Izinga lokurusa kwale ntsika, lemi ngaphandle emoyeni ovulekileyo liphantse libe nguziro kwaye nenxalenye engcwatyelweyo irusa ngomlinganiselo ocothayo. Oku
Kwakufuneka kuqala iphoswe kwaye emva koko inyathelwe kwimilo yokugqibela.
2. Izinto eziluncedo kunye nokusikelwa umda
Inkqubo eyahlulayo isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso ngenxa yeenzuzo zayo ezininzi. Izinto ezinyibilikileyo zihamba zingena nakweliphi na icandelo elincinci kumngxunya wokubumba kwaye zinjalo, nayiphi na imilo entsonkothileyo- ngaphakathi
okanye ngaphandle- kunokwenziwa ngenkqubo yokuphosa. Kuyenzeka ukuba uphonononge phantse nayiphi na into enokuba yentsimbi okanye ayina-ferrous. Ukongeza, izixhobo eziyimfuneko ezifunekayo ekubunjweni komngundo zilula kakhulu kwaye
ngexabiso eliphantsi. Ngenxa yoko, kwimveliso yolingo okanye kwimveliso encinci, yeyona ndlela ilungileyo. Kuyenzeka kwinkqubo yokuphosa, ukubeka isixa semathiriyeli apho kufuneka khona. Nje ngeziphumo
ukunciphisa ubunzima kuyilo kunokufezekiswa. Ukuphosa ngokubanzi kupholile ngokufanayo kuwo onke amacala kwaye ke kulindeleke ukuba bangabinazipropathi zomkhombandlela. Kukho izinyithi ezithile kunye nolwabiwo
enokuqhubekeka kuphela ngokujula kwaye ingeyiyo nayiphi na enye inkqubo enje ngokubumba ngenxa yokuqwalaselwa kwesinyithi. Ukuphoswa kobuphi na ubungakanani kunye nobunzima, kude kufike kwiitoni ezingama-200.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuchaneka kwamacala kunye nokugqitywa komphezulu okuphunyezwe yinkqubo yesiqhelo yokuphosa isanti akunakulunga kwisicelo sokugqibela kwiimeko ezininzi. Ukuthatha la matyala athathelwe ingqalelo, i-castin ekhethekileyo
Iinkqubo ezinje ngokuhanjiswa kocingo kuphuhlisiwe, iinkcukacha zazo zinikwe kwizahluko ezilandelayo. Kananjalo, inkqubo yokuphosa isanti isebenza ngamandla kwinqanaba elithile kwaye ke uninzi lwezinto eziphuculweyo zijolise kuyo,
ezifana nokubumba koomatshini kunye nokusetyenziswa koomatshini. Ngezinye izinto kuhlala kunzima ukususa iziphene ezivela kubumanzi obukhoyo kwisanti
3. Imigaqo yokuphosa
Kwizahluko ezilandelayo ukufunyanwa kokuphoswa kwesanti, okumela inkqubo esisiseko yokuphosa kuya kubonakala. Ngaphambi kokungena kwiinkcukacha zenkqubo, ukuchaza inani lamagama okulahla amagama anokuba njalo
kufanelekile.
Igutyana -Ibhotile yokubumba yenye ebambe ukungunda kwesanti. Kuxhomekeke kwisikhundla seflask kubume besikhunta, ibhekiswa ngamagama ahlukeneyo njengokutsala, ukujongana nesidlele. Yenziwe ngomthi
Ukusetyenziswa kwethutyana okanye ngokubanzi isinyithi ukusetyenziswa kwexesha elide.
Tsala iflaskhi yokubumba esezantsi
Cope -Iflask yokubumba ephezulu
Ityhefu - Iphakathi yokubumba iflask esetyenziswe kwiziqwenga ezintathu zokubumba.
Ipatheni-Ipateni yimifanekiso yezinto zokugqibela ekufuneka zenziwe ngolunye uhlengahlengiso. Isibumbeko senziwe ngoncedo lomzekelo.
Umgca wokwahlula-Lo ngumgca wokwahlula phakathi kweeflask ezimbini zokubumba ezenza ukubumba kwesanti. Kwipatheni yokwahlulahlula ikwahlulahlula phakathi kwesiqingatha sesibini sepateni
Ibhodi engezantsi - Le yibhodi eqhelekileyo eyenziwe ngomthi, esetyenziswa ekuqaleni kokwenza umngundo. Ipatheni igcinwa kuqala kwibhodi engezantsi, isanti ifafazwe kuyo kwaye emva koko i-ramming yenziwa xa kutsalwa
Ukujongana nentlabathi-Isixa esincinci sezinto zecarbonaceous ezifafazwe kumphezulu wangaphakathi wesikhala sokubumba ukunika umphezulu wobuso obugqityiweyo kubalingisi
Ukubumba isanti - Yeyona esanda kulungiswa izinto eliyinjubaqa esetyenziselwa ukwenza kwisisu sokubumbela. Ngumxube wodongwe lwesilica kunye nokufuma okulinganayo ngokufanelekileyo ukufumana iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo kwaye kungqonge
ipateni ngelixa usenza ukungunda.
Isanti exhasayo-Yeyona nto ibangela ukuba uninzi lwezinto ezinqabileyo ezifumaneka ekubumbeni. Oku kwenziwa ngesanti esele isetyenzisiwe kwaye itshisiwe.
I-Core - Isetyenziselwa ukwenza imingxunya engenamphambili ekubunjweni.
Ukuthulula isitya - Isakhelo esincinci esenziwe ngefaneli phezulu kwisikhunta ekugalelwa kuso isinyithi.
I-Spure -Indawo apho intsimbi etyhidiweyo esuka kwisitya sokugalela ifikelela kumngxunya wokubumba. Kwiimeko ezininzi ilawula ukuhamba kwesinyithi kwisikhunta.
Imbaleki-Iipaseji zesahlulo senqwelomoya esilawulwa kukuhamba kwentsimbi etyhidiweyo ngaphambi kokuba zifike kwisikhunta.
Isango -Lona ndawo yokungena apho isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo singena kumngxunya wokubumba.
IChaplet - Iichaplets zisetyenziselwa ukuxhasa ii-cores ngaphakathi kwesikhungu sokubumba ukuze zikhathalele ubunzima bayo kwaye zoyise amandla e-metallostatic.
Ukuphola-Ukugodola zizinto zesinyithi, ezibekwe kwisikhunta ukonyusa isantya sokupholisa ukuphosa ukubonelela ngomgangatho ofanayo okanye onqwenelekayo wokupholisa.
Riser -Ligumbi lesinyithi elityhidiweyo elinikezelweyo ekubunjweni ukuze isinyithi eshushu sibuyele umva kumngxunya wokubumba xa kukho ukunciphisa umthamo wesinyithi ngenxa yokuqina
4. Sand Ukwenza Inkqubo
Inkqubo yokwenza isikhunta esiqhelekileyo sesanti ichazwe kula manyathelo alandelayo
Okokuqala, ibhodi engezantsi ibekwe nokuba kukwipulatifomu yokubumba okanye emgangathweni, yenze umphezulu ulingane. Iflask yokubumba yokutsala igcinwa ijonge ezantsi kwibhodi esezantsi kunye nenxalenye yokudonsa
ipateni kumbindi weentsuba ebhodini. Kuya kubakho ukucoca okwaneleyo phakathi kwepateni kunye neendonga zeflask ekufuneka ibe ze-50 ukuya kwi-100 mm. Isanti ejongene nomileyo iyafefa ngaphezulu
ibhodi kunye nepateni yokubonelela ngoluhlu olungapheliyo. Isanti yokubumba esandula kulungiswa esemgangathweni oyimfuneko ngoku igalelwe kutsalo kunye nakwipateni ukuya kubukhulu be-30 ukuya kwi-50 mm. Eminye iflask yokutsala yile
igcwele ngokupheleleyo ngesanti yogcino kwaye ngokufanayo iram ukumanyana isanti. Ukurhabaxa kwentlabathi kufanele kwenziwe ngokufanelekileyo ukuze kungangqinelani kakhulu, okwenza ukuba kube nzima ukuphuma kweegesi,
ayikhululekanga kakhulu, ukuze ukungunda kungabinamandla ngokwaneleyo. Emva kokuba i-ramming idlulile, isanti egqithileyo kwiflask ikhutshiwe ngokupheleleyo kusetyenziswa ibha ethe tyaba ukuya kwinqanaba leefask.
Ngoku, ngocingo lwentambo, olucingo lwe-1-ukuya kwi-2-mm ububanzi olunephelo elitshixwayo, imingxunya yomoya yenziwa ekutsaleni ukuya kubunzulu obupheleleyo beflask kunye nepateni yokuququzelela ukususwa kweegesi ngexesha lokuphosa
ukuqinisa. Oku kugqiba ukulungiswa kokutsala.
Iflask yokutsala egqityiweyo ngoku isongwe yaya kwibhodi engezantsi ibhenca iphethini njengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso. Usebenzisa ubuqhophololo, imiphetho yesanti ejikeleze ipateni iyalungiswa kwaye isiqingatha sokujongana nepateni sibekwe ngaphezulu
iphethini yokudonsa, ukuyilungelelanisa ngoncedo lwezikhonkwane. Iflask yokujongana ngaphezulu kwetsalo ibekwe yangqinelana kwakhona ngoncedo lwezikhonkwane. Isanti eyomileyo yokwahlula ifafaze konke ukurhuqa kunye nepateni
Ipini yesipue yokwenza i-sprue passage ibekwe kumgama omncinci omalunga ne-50 mm kwipateni. Kwakhona, i-ariser pin xa kufuneka igcinwe kwindawo efanelekileyo kunye nesanti yokubumba esandula kulungiswa efanayo naleyo
yokurhuqa kunye nesanti exhaswa ngfefe. Isanti igqityiwe ngocoselelo, isanti egqithileyo ikhutshiwe kunye nemingxunya yomoya yenziwa kuyo yonke indawo ekumelaneni nayo.
Iphini yesipue kunye ne-e riser pin irhoxisiwe ngononophelo kwiflask. Emva kwexesha, isitya esithululwayo siyasikwa kufutshane nomphezulu wesiporo. Umlinganiso wohlulwe kukutsala kunye nasiphi na isanti evulekileyo ekujonganeni nasekutsaleni ujongano
wokurhuqa uvuthelwa ngoncedo lweentsimbi. Ngoku, ukumelana kunye nokutsala iziqingatha zeepateni kurhoxisiwe ngokusebenzisa ii-spikes zokuzoba kunye nokukrwela ipateni ngeenxa zonke ukuze wandise umngxunya wokubumba ukuze
Iindonga zesikhunta azonakaliswanga ngumzekelo wokurhoxa. Iimbaleki namasango anqunyulwe kwisikhunta ngononophelo ngaphandle kokonakalisa ukungunda. Nasiphi na isanti engaphezulu okanye evulekileyo efunyenwe kwiimbaleki kunye nesikhunta
kude usebenzisa imfutho. Ngoku, isanti ejongene nayo ngohlobo lokuncamathisela ifakwe kuwo wonke umngundo kunye neembaleki, ezinokuthi zinike ukugqitywa kokugqitywa komhlaba.
Isiseko esomileyo sesanti siyalungiswa kusetyenziswa ibhokisi engundoqo. Emva kokubhaka kufanelekile, ibekwa kwisikhunta sokubonisa njengoko kubonisiwe kwifoto. Ukudibana kuthathelwe indawo kutsalo kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukulungelelaniswa kwezi ndlela zimbini kusetyenziswa indlela
izikhonkwane. Ubunzima obufanelekileyo bugcinwa ekujonganeni nokunyamekela amandla aphezulu e-metallostatic ngexesha lokuthulula isinyithi esityhidiweyo. Ukubumba ngoku, njengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso kulungele ukuthulula.
Ixesha leposi: Dec-25-2020