Kwisiseko sesinyithi, isitshixo sokuqinisekisaumgangatho wokusaswailele ekwandiseni umgangatho wolwazi lwabo bonke abasebenzi ngaphakathi kwishishini, ukomeleza ulongamelo olusemgangathweni kunye nolawulo kuyo yonke inkqubo yemveliso yokusa, ukuzinzisa inkqubo yemveliso, ukuququzelela imveliso ephucukileyo, kunye nokwamkela iteknoloji yemveliso ephezulu kunye nezixhobo kangangoko, zixhotyiswe ngokwaneleyo. iindlela zokuhlola ezisebenzayo zomgangatho wenkqubo kunye nomgangatho wokuphosa.
Uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lokusebenza koomatshini Uvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lokusebenza koomatshini lwenziwa kwindawo yobushushu begumbi. Izinto zovavanyo zihlala zibandakanya amandla okuqina, amandla esivuno, ubude emva kokwaphuka, ukuncitshiswa kwendawo, ukuphambuka, ukufunxa impembelelo (okanye ukuqina kwempembelelo) kunye nokuqina. Amandla okuqina, amandla esivuno, ubude emva kokwaphuka, kunye nokuncipha kwendawo kulinganiswa kumatshini wokuvavanya; ukufunxwa kwempembelelo okanye ukuqina kwempembelelo kulinganiswa kumatshini wokuvavanya impembelelo; ukuphambuka kunye namandla okugoba kulinganiswa ngeendlela zokuvavanya ukugoba; ubulukhuni bulinganiswa ngomvavanyi wobulukhuni.
1. Amandla Okuqina
Iisampulu eziqinileyo zentsimbi etyhidiweyo zenziwe ngoomatshini be-cylindrical single cast test bars okanye imivalo yovavanyo eqhotyoshelweyo. Idayamitha yebha yovavanyo yokuphosa enye yi-30 mm, kwaye igalelwa kwibhetshi efanayo njengoko kugalelwa kumngundo wesanti eyomileyo ethe nkqo. Ububanzi becandelo elihambelanayo li-20 mm ± 0.5 mm. Xa amandla okugoba kunye nokuphambuka kusetyenziswa njengeemeko zokwamkelwa kweepropati zomatshini wokuphosa, uvavanyo lokugoba lunokwenziwa, kwaye isampuli yokugoba ithatha ngokuthe ngqo ibha yokuhlola engenanto kunye nobubanzi be-30 mm ± 1mm. Ubume, ubungakanani kunye nomgangatho womphezulu wesampulu zovavanyo lokugoba, iisampulu zovavanyo olugobayo kunye nemivalo yovavanyo engenanto, uvavanyo lwe-tensile kunye neendlela zokuvavanya ukugoba, iimfuno zobugcisa kumatshini wovavanyo, kunye nokubalwa kunye nokusetyenzwa kweziphumo zokulinganisa zonke ziya kuhambelana nemigangatho yoshishino. .
Iindlela zokuvavanya ezinye isinyithi kunye nealloys (kubandakanya ubungakanani bomlinganiselo wesampulu eqinile, iindlela zokubambelela, amaxabiso ovavanyo, iindlela zokulinganisa ukusebenza, kunye neziphumo zovavanyo lokurhangqwa kunye nokusetyenzwa, njl. , ubude begeyiji, ubungakanani, kunye nomgangatho womphezulu kufuneka uhlangabezane neemfuno ze-CBT228-200 "Indlela yoVavanyo lweMetallic Material Tensile kwiGumbi. Ubushushu". Isampulu ayivumelekanga ukuba ibe nomonakalo owenziwe ngoomatshini, iintanda, iimpawu zemela ezinqamlezayo, ukuguqulwa okucacileyo kunye nezinye iziphene ezibonakalayo. Isanti encangathi, amaphiko, i-burrs kunye nezinye iziphene zenyama kunye nokubambelela kumphezulu wesampuli kufuneka zisuswe. Iisampulu ze-tensile zinokusikwa kwibloko yovavanyo enye, ibhloko yovavanyo encanyathiselweyo okanye umzimba wokuphosa. Uhlobo, imilo kunye nobukhulu bebhloko yovavanyo lokuphosa kunye nebhloko yovavanyo encanyathiselweyo, indawo esikiweyo kunye nesalathiso somzekelo we-tensile, indlela yoqhagamshelo kunye nendawo yokudibanisa ibhloko yovavanyo encanyathiselweyo kunye nomzimba wokuphosa, iya kukhethwa okanye kuvunyelwene ngayo ngumthengisi. kunye nomthengi ngokomgangatho wokuphosa ohambelanayo . Xa ukugatywa kufuna unyango lobushushu, ibhloko yovavanyo lokugalela olunye kufuneka iphathwe ubushushu kwiziko elifanayo lokugalela, kwaye ibhloko yovavanyo encanyathiselweyo kufuneka inqunyulwe emva konyango lobushushu. Iisampulu ezithambileyo zemathiriyeli enqabileyo kunye neqinileyo efana nentsimbi etyhidiweyo emhlophe inokuba yimizekelo ye-cylindrical, okanye iisampulu ezithambileyo eziye zafakwa kwaye zalungiswa ngoomatshini kunye nobushushu obuphathwa kwiziko elifanayo lokuphosa. Ubume besampulu, ubungakanani, iimfuno zobugcisa kunye neenkcukacha zokunyanga ubushushu kufuneka zixoxwe ngamaqela omabini.
2. Amandla empembelelo
Uvavanyo lwempembelelo lusetyenziselwa ukumisela amandla okufunxa impembelelo xa isampulu yempembelelo yaphukile phantsi komthwalo wesibini wempembelelo. Umatshini wokuvavanya impembelelo kufuneka ufezekise iimfuno ze-GB / T 3808-2002 "Ukuhlolwa kwe-Pendulum Impact Testing Machines" kwaye kufuneka iqinisekiswe ngamaxesha athile lisebe le-metrology yesizwe. Iisampulu zempembelelo zahlulwe zibe ziisampuli zempembelelo ze-V-notch, iisampuli zempembelelo ze-U-notch kunye neesampuli zempembelelo ezingezizo ezinotshi. Intsimbi engwevu ithatha iisampuli zempembelelo yecylindrical engachongwayo, ezenziwe ngoomatshini ukusuka kwi-as-cast blank iibha zovavanyo ezinobubanzi obuyi-30 mm. Umlinganiselo oqhelekileyo ngu-420 mm × 120 mm. Indlela yokuphosa yebha yokuhlola engenanto, iimfuno zobuchwepheshe zesampula yempembelelo, iiparitha zobugcisa zomatshini wokuvavanya impembelelo, iimeko zokuvavanya kunye neendlela kufuneka zihlangabezane neemfuno ze-GB 6296-1986 "Indlela yoVavanyo lweMpembelelo yeGrey Cast Iron". Iisampulu zempembelelo yezinto ezinqabileyo kunye nezilukhuni ezifana nentsimbi emhlophe etyhidiweyo inokungabhalwanga njengeesampuli ezingenanto, okanye iisampuli ezingabhalwanga eziye zahlanjululwa kwaye zacutshungulwa ngomatshini kunye nobushushu obuphathwa kwisithando somlilo esifanayo kunye nokuphosa. Ubume, ubungakanani kunye neemfuno zobugcisa zesampulu zichongwa ngokunikezelwa kunye nemfuno. Ezinye iintsimbi ezityhidiweyo kunye nealloyi ziyimizekelo yempembelelo engu-U (edla ngokusetyenziselwa iintsimbi ezityhidiweyo kunye nealloyi ezinobuntununtunu benotshi enkulu) okanye imizekelo yempembelelo enobume obungu-V isetyenziswa njengesampulu yogwayimbo.
Imizekelo yempembelelo enokwakheka kuka-U okanye enobume obungu-V inokuthatyathwa kwiibhloko zovavanyo lwe-single-cast (iintonga), iibhloko zovavanyo ezincanyathiselweyo (iintonga) okanye imizimba yokuphosa. Indawo yesampulu kunye nesalathiso, uhlobo, imilo, ubungakanani kunye nendlela yokuphosa yebhloko yovavanyo olulodwa (intonga) kunye nebhloko yovavanyo encanyathiselweyo (intonga), kunye nendlela yokunxibelelana kunye nendawo yokunxibelelana yebhloko yovavanyo encamatheleyo (intonga) kunye nokuphosa. Umzimba uya kusekelwa kubonelelo kunye namaqela emfuno Imigangatho yokusa ehambelanayo iyakhethwa okanye ekuvunyelwene ngayo. Ukukhutshwa okudinga unyango lobushushu, ibhloko yovavanyo eqhotyoshelweyo iya kunqunyulwa emva konyango lobushushu, kwaye ibhloko yovavanyo olulodwa (ibha) iya kunyangwa ubushushu kwiziko elifanayo lokuphosa. Ubungakanani obuqhelekileyo bomgangatho wenotshi emile okwe-V kunye ne-U yi-10mm×10mm×50mm, kunye nobunzulu benotshi yegama: ubunzulu benotshi emile okwe-V yi-2mm; Ubunzulu benotshi emile okwe-U yi-2mm kunye ne-5mm. Ukunyamezelwa komgangatho, uburhabaxa bomphezulu kunye nezinye iimeko zobugcisa zeempawu zovavanyo oluphawulweyo, iimeko, iindlela kunye nonyango lweziphumo zovavanyo lovavanyo lwempembelelo ziya kuhambelana ne-GB/T 229-2007 "I-Charpy Pendulum Impact Test Method for Metallic Materials" Ukusebenza kwemizekelo yempembelelo esikwe kwibloko yovavanyo lokuphosa enye (intonga) kunye nebloko yovavanyo eqhotyoshelweyo (intonga) kufuneka ihlangabezane iimfuno zomgangatho wokuphoswa ohambelanayo okanye isivumelwano somyalelo. Iimfuno zokusebenza kwempembelelo yesampulu yomzimba ziya kuthethathethwana ngumthengisi kunye nomthengi ngokwemigangatho ehambelanayo yokuphosa.
3. Ukuqina
Kukho iindlela ezimbini eziqhelekileyo zokumisela ubulukhuni bokuphosa: Indlela yokuqina yeBrinell kunye nendlela yokuqina yeRockwell. I-alloys yokuphosa eqinile kunye ne-brittle idla ngokulinganiswa ngendlela ye-Rockwell yobulukhuni, kunye nezinye i-alloys zokuphosa zilinganiswa ngokubanzi ngendlela ye-Brinell yobulukhuni. Kwi-alloys etyhidiweyo kunye nesakhiwo se-metallographic efanayo njengentsimbi etyhidiweyo, kukho ubudlelwane obuguqukileyo phakathi kobunzima be-Rockwell, ubulukhuni be-Brinell kunye namandla okuqina. Bhekisela kwi-GB/T112-199 "Ukuqina kwe-Ferrous Metal kunye nexabiso lokuguqulwa kwamandla" kunye ne-GB / T 3771-1983 "Ubunzima be-alloy ye-Copper kunye nexabiso lokuguqulwa kwamandla".
Indlela ye-Brinell yobulukhuni isebenzisa ibhola ye-carbide ene-cemented kunye nobubanzi obuthile ukuyicinezela kumphezulu wesampuli kunye namandla okuvavanya ahambelanayo. Emva kwexesha elichaziweyo lokubamba, susa amandla okuvavanya, ulinganise i-diameter ye-indentation ebusweni besampuli, kwaye uhlukanise amandla okuvavanya ngamandla okuvavanya. I-quotient efunyenwe kwi-spherical surface area of indentation imele ixabiso le-Brinell hardness, kunye nesimboli yi-HBW, efanelekile kwizinto ezinexabiso le-Brinell ubunzima obungaphantsi okanye obulingana no-650. Izixhobo, iisampuli, iindlela zokuvavanya kunye neziphumo zovavanyo yovavanyo lobulukhuni lweBrinell luya kuhambelana ne-GB/T 231.1-2002 "I-Metal Brinell Hardness Part I: "Indlela yoVavanyo". Uvavanyo lobulukhuni be-brinell lunokwenziwa kwisampulu eqinile, iisampulu zempembelelo, ukubunjwa okanye iibhloko zovavanyo oluphoswe ngokukhethekileyo kufuneka zibe mtyibilizi kwaye zibe mcaba, zingabinasikali kunye nobumdaka bangaphandle okanye kuthethathethwane nomthengisi kunye nomthengi Indlela yokuqina ye-Rockwell kukucinezela i-indenter ye-diamond cone okanye i-indenter yebhola yentsimbi kumphezulu wesampuli phantsi kwesenzo se-diamond. umthwalo wokuqala kunye nomthwalo opheleleyo (ulingana nomthwalo wokuqala kunye nomthwalo oyintloko), uze ususe umthwalo oyintloko, kwaye ulinganise kumthwalo wokuqala. Ubunzulu be-identation phantsi komthwalo bonyusa ixabiso le-e, kwaye ixabiso le-e lisetyenziselwa ukubala ukuqina kwe-Rockwell.
Ubunzima beRockwell buyahluka ngokomlinganiselo osetyenzisiweyo. Ezona zikali zisetyenziswa kakhulu yi-HRA, i-HRB kunye ne-HRC. I-HRB ithatha i-indenter yentsimbi enexabiso lobulukhuni=130-c; I-HRA kunye ne-HRC zisebenzisa i-indenter ye-diamond cone enobunzima bexabiso=100-e. Umthwalo oyintloko we-HRA yi-490.3N, kwaye uluhlu lokulinganisa luyi-60 ~ 85HRA; umthwalo oyintloko we-HRC yi-1373N, kwaye uluhlu lokulinganisa luyi-20 ~ 67HRC. Izixhobo, imizekelo, iimeko zokuvavanya kunye neendlela zokuvavanya ezisetyenziswe kuvavanyo lobulukhuni lwe-Rockwell, kunye nokunyangwa kweziphumo zovavanyo ziya kuhambelana ne-GB / T 230.1-2004 "I-Metal Rockwell Hardness Part 1: Indlela yoVavanyo (A, B, C , D, E, F, G, H, K, N, T Isikali)". Ukukhethwa komzekelo, indawo yokuvavanya kunye neemfuno zobugcisa bomgangatho wovavanyo lwe-Rockwell hardness test ziyafana nezo ze-Brinell hardness test.
Ukongeza kokuqina kweBrinell kunye nokuqina kweRockwell, ukuqina kwesinyithi kunokubonakaliswa bubunzima beShore (HS) kunye nokuqina kweVickers (HV). Ukulinganisa ukuqina kwe-Shore yesinyithi kufuneka kuhlangabezane neemfuno ze-GB / T 4341-2001 "Indlela yoVavanyo lweMetal Shore Hardness". Ukumiselwa kobunzima beVickers besinyithi kufuneka buhlangabezane neemfuno ze-GB / T 4340.1-1999 "I-Metal Vickers Ubunzima bovavanyo lweCandelo 1: Indlela yokuvavanya". Iindidi ngeendidi zabavavanyi bobunzima kufuneka ziqinisekiswe ngamaxesha athile lisebe lemetroloji likazwelonke ngokwemigangatho efanelekileyo.
Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-05-2021