Izinto zentsimbi zisetyenziswa kakhulu kumzi-mveliso wobunjineli ngenxa yokuphakama kwawo, uluhlu lweepropathi zoomatshini kunye neendleko eziphantsi. Okwangoku, izinto ezingekho-ayoni zikwasetyenziswa kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo zeepropathi zazo ngokuthelekiswa nealloys zentsimbi ngaphandle kweendleko eziphezulu ngokubanzi. Iipropathi ezinqwenelekayo zoomatshini zingafunyanwa kwezi alloys ngomsebenzi onzima, ukuqina kobudala, njl., Kodwa hayi ngeendlela eziqhelekileyo zokunyanga ubushushu ezisetyenziselwa ii-alloys zentsimbi. Ezinye zezinto eziphambili ezingena-ferrous zomdla zi-aluminium, ubhedu, iZinc kunye nemagnesium
1. IAluminiyam
Kuzo zonke ii-alloys ezingenantsimbi, ialuminiyam kunye neelloys zayo zezona zibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yeempawu zazo ezintle. Ezinye zeepropathi zealuminium emsulwa esetyenziselwa ishishini lobunjineli zezi:
1) Ukuqhuba kakuhle kwe-thermal (0.53 cal / cm / C)
2) Ukuqhuba kombane ngokugqwesileyo (376 600 / ohm / cm)
Ubuninzi bobunzima obuphantsi (2.7 g / cm)
4) Indawo yokunyibilika ephantsi (658C)
5) nokumelana Zintle
6) ayinabungozi.
I-7) Inesinye sezona zinto zibalaseleyo (85 ukuya kwi-95%) kunye ne-emissivity ephantsi kakhulu (4 ukuya kwi-5%)
I-8) Ithambe kakhulu kwaye ine-ductile ngenxa yoko ineempawu ezintle kakhulu zokuvelisa.
Ezinye zezicelo apho i-aluminium esulungekileyo isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizikhombisi zombane, iiradiyetha izinto zokugqibela, iiyunithi zokufaka umoya, ukukhanya kunye nokubonisa ukukhanya, kunye neefoyile kunye nezinto zokupakisha.
Ngaphandle kwezi zicelo zilapha ngasentla, i-aluminium emsulwa ayisetyenziswanga kakhulu ngenxa yezi ngxaki zilandelayo:
1) Inamandla aphantsi eqine (65 MPa) kunye nobulukhuni (20 BHN)
2. Kunzima kakhulu ukuwelda okanye ukuthengisa.
Iipropathi zoomatshini bealuminium zinokuphuculwa kakhulu ngokudityaniswa. Izinto eziphambili ezisetyenziselwa ubhedu, i-manganese, i-silicon, i-nickel kunye ne-zinc.
I-Aluminium kunye nobhedu zenza ikhompawundi yeCuAl2. Ngaphezulu kweqondo lobushushu le-548 C inyibilika ngokupheleleyo kwi-aluminium engamanzi. Xa oku kucinywa kwaye kubudala obenziweyo (ukubamba ixesha elide ngo-100 ukuya ku-150C), kufunyanwa ingxubevange eqinisiweyo. I-CuAl2, engagugiyo ayinalo ixesha lokuthintela isisombululo esiqinileyo sealuminium kunye nobhedu kwaye ke ikwimeko engazinzanga (egcwele kakhulu kwigumbi le-tempera ture). Inkqubo yokuguga ithintela amasuntswana amahle kakhulu eCuAl2, ebangela ukomeleza ingxubevange. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba sisisombululo esiqinisa.
Ezinye izinto zokudibanisa ezisetyenzisiweyo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-7% yemagniziyam, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-5% ye-manganese, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-13% yesilicon, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-2% ye-nickel, ukuya kuthi ga kwi-5% ye-zinc ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1.5% yentsimbi. Ngaphandle kwezi, i-titanium, i-chromium kunye ne-columbium nazo zinokongezwa kwiipesenti ezincinci. Ukwenziwa kwezinye iialloys zesiqhelo zealuminium ezisetyenziswa ekubunjweni ngokusisigxina kunye nasekufeni kunikwa kwiTheyibhile 2.10 kunye nokusetyenziswa kwazo. Iipropathi zoomatshini ezilindelwe kwezi zinto emva kokuphoswa kusetyenziswa ukungunda okusisigxina okanye uxinzelelo ekubunjweni koxinzelelo kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 2.1
2. Ubhedu
Ifana nealuminiyam, ubhedu olunyulu lufumana usetyenziso olubanzi ngenxa yezi zinto zilandelayo
1) Ukuqhutywa kombane ngobhedu olusulungekileyo luphezulu (5.8 x 105 / ohm / cm) kwifomu yayo esulungekileyo. Nawuphi na ukungahlambuluki okuncinci kwehlisa ukuqhuba kakhulu. Umzekelo, i-1% ye-phosphorus iyanciphisa ukuqhuba kwe-40%.
2) Ine-conductivity ephezulu kakhulu ye-thermal (0. 92 cal / cm / C)
3) Sisinyithi esinzima (umxhuzulane othile 8.93)
4) Inokudityaniswa ngokulula ngokudibanisa
5) Iyamelana nokubola,
6) Inombala okhangayo.
Ubhedu oluchanekileyo lusetyenziselwa ukwenziwa kocingo lombane, imivalo yebhasi, iintambo zokudlulisela, ukufakela ifriji kunye nemibhobho.
Iipropathi zoomatshini zobhedu kwimeko yazo esulungekileyo azilunganga kakhulu. Ithambile kwaye ibuthathaka. Ingasetyenziselwa inzuzo ukuphucula iipropathi zoomatshini. Izinto eziphambili zokudibanisa izinto ezisetyenzisiweyo yi-zinc, i-tin, ilothe kunye ne-phosphorus.
Iingxubevange zobhedu nezinc zibizwa ngokuba zii <em> brass. Ngomxholo we-zinc ukuya kuthi ga kwi-39%, ubhedu lwakha isigaba esinye (α-isigaba) isakhiwo. Ezi aluminiyamu ziye ductility eliphezulu. Umbala we-alloy uhlala ubomvu ukuya kumxholo we-zinc we-20%, kodwa ngaphaya koko uba mthubi. Icandelo lesibini lokwakha elibizwa ngokuba yi-β-phase livela phakathi kwe-39 ukuya kwi-46% ye-zinc. Ngokwenyani iyinxalenye ye-metallic CuZn ejongene nobunzima bokunyuka. Amandla obhedu aya enyuka xa amanani amancinci emanganizi kunye nenickel zongezwa.
I-alloys yethusi kunye ne-tin ibizwa ngokuba yi-bronzes. Ubulukhuni kunye namandla okonyuka kobhedu nge-crease kumxholo we-tin. I-ductility iyancitshiswa ngokwanda kwepesenti ye-tin ngaphezulu kwe-5. Xa i-aluminium nayo yongezwa (i-4 ukuya kwi-11%), isinyibilikisi esiphumela sibizwa ngokuba yi-aluminium bronze, enokuthintela ukubola okukhulu. Iibhronzi zithelekiswa neendleko ngokuthelekiswa nebrass ngenxa yobukho be-tin esisinyithi esinexabiso eliphezulu.
3. Ezinye iZinyithi ezingenantsimbi
Izinki
I-Zinc isetyenziswa ikakhulu kubunjineli ngenxa yeqondo eliphantsi lokunyibilika (419.4 C) kunye nokumelana okuphezulu komhlwa, okunyuka ngokucoceka kwe-zinc. Ukuxhathisa umhlwa kubangelwa kukwenziwa kwengubo ekhuselekileyo ye-oxide ngaphezulu. Ukusetyenziswa kwenqununu kwe-zinc kukunyusa ukukhusela intsimbi kumhlwa, kushishino lokuprinta nasekuphoseni ukufa.
Ukungancedi kwe-zinc kukuqina kwe-anisotropy eboniswe phantsi kweemeko ezinesiphene, ukungabikho kozinzo lobungakanani phantsi kweemeko zokuguga, ukunciphisa amandla eempembelelo kumaqondo obushushu asezantsi kunye nokuchaphazeleka komhlwa ophakathi kwegranular. Ayinakusetyenziselwa inkonzo engaphezulu kweqondo lobushushu lama-95 C kuba iya kubangela ukunciphisa okukhulu ukuqina kunye nobulukhuni.
Ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi ekufeni kungenxa yokuba kufuna uxinzelelo olusezantsi, olukhokelela kubomi obuphezulu bokufa xa kuthelekiswa nezinye ii-alloys die die. Ukongeza, inemishini elungileyo kakhulu. Ukugqitywa okufunyanwa yi-zinc diecasting kuhlala kufanelekile ukuba kuqinisekiswe nayiphi na enye inkqubo, ngaphandle kokususwa kwefleshi ekhoyo kwindiza yokuzahlula.
Magnesium
Ngenxa yobunzima bokukhanya kunye namandla oomatshini elungileyo, ii-alloys ze-magnesium zisetyenziswa kwisantya esiphezulu kakhulu. Ngobungqindilili obufanayo, ii-alloys ze-magnesium zifuna kuphela i-37. 2% yobunzima bentsimbi ye-C25 ngaloo ndlela igcina ubunzima. Izinto ezimbini eziphambili ezisetyenzisiweyo zi-aluminium kunye ne-zinc. I-Magnesium aluminium inokuba sisanti, isikhunta esisigxina okanye ife. Iipropati zamacandelo e-sand-cast magnesium alloy ziyathelekiswa nezo zinto zisisigxina sokubumba okanye izinto zokufa. Ii-alloys zokuphosa izidlo ngokubanzi ezinomxholo wobhedu ukuze zivunyelwe ukuba zenziwe kwisinyithi sesibini ukunciphisa iindleko. Zisetyenziselwa ukwenza iivili zeemoto, iimeko zecrank, njl. Ukuphakama komxholo, kokukhona kuphakama amandla oomatshini bezinyibilikisi ezenziwe ngemagniziyam ezinje ngezinto eziqengqelekileyo nezenziweyo. IiMagnesium alloys zinokudityaniswa ngokulula ngenkqubo ye-welding. Ipropati eluncedo kakhulu ye-magnesium alloys kukusebenza kwabo okuphezulu. Bafuna kuphela iipesenti ezili-15 zamandla oomatshini xa kuthelekiswa necarbon yentsimbi.
Ixesha leposi: Dec-18-2020