Ukuphosa yenye yeendlela zokuqala zokubumba isinyithi ezaziwa ebantwini. Ngokuqhelekileyo kuthetha ukugalela isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo kwisibonda esinqandayo esinomngxuma wokumila okwenziwayo, kunye nokusivumela ukuba siqine. Niniiqinisiwe, into efunwayo yesinyithi ikhutshwa kwi-mold refractory mhlawumbi ngokuphula i-mold okanye ngokuthatha i-mold ngaphandle. Into eyomeleleyo ibizwa ngokuba kukuphosa. Le nkqubo ikwabizwa ngokuba yisiseko, kwaye umzi-mveliso wale mihla ogxile ekujuleni iinxalenye zentsimbi ubizwa ngokubaisiseko.
1. Imbali yeNkqubo yokuCasa
Inkqubo yokuphosa mhlawumbi yafunyanwa malunga no-c 3500 BC eMesopotamiya. Kwiindawo ezininzi zehlabathi ngelo xesha, amazembe obhedu nezinye izinto ezisicaba zazisenziwa zibe ngumbumba ovulekileyo owenziwe ngamatye okanye obhakiweyo.udongwe. Ezi zibumba zaziyimbumba enye. Kodwa kumaxesha amva, xa kufuneka kwenziwe izinto ezingqukuva, oko kubumba kwahlulwa kubini okanye ngaphezulu ukuze kube lula ukurhoxiswa kwezinto ezingqukuva.Ixesha leBronze (c 2000 BC) lazisa uphuculo olungakumbi kwinkqubo yokuphosa. Ngethuba lokuqala mhlawumbi, ingundoqo yokwenza iipokethi ezingenanto kwizinto zakhiwe. Ezi nkongozelo zazenziwe ngodongwe olubhakiweyo.Kwakhona, i-cire perdue okanye inkqubo ye-wax elahlekileyo yayisetyenziselwa kakhulu ukwenza imihlobiso kunye nomsebenzi omhle.
Itekhnoloji yokuphosa iye yaphuculwa kakhulu ngamaTshayina ukusuka malunga ne-1500 BC. Ngaphambi koko, akukho bungqina bawo nawuphi na umsebenzi wokuphosa ofunyenwe eTshayina. Azibonakali ngathi zinkulufamillar kunye nenkqubo yecire perdue okanye ayisebenzisi kakhulu kodwa endaweni yoko ikhethekileyo kwimold enamaqhekeza amaninzi ukwenza imisebenzi entsonkothileyo. Bachitha ixesha elininzi ekufezekiseni ukubumba ukuya kwiinkcukacha zokugqibela ukuze kube nzimanawuphi na umsebenzi wokugqiba wawufuneka ekubunjweni okwenziwe ngokubumba. Mhlawumbi benza amaqhekeza abumba amaqhekeza afakwe ngononophelo, amanani angamashumi amathathu nangaphezulu. Enyanisweni, kuye kwavunjululwa izinto ezininzi ezinjaloukugrumba izinto zakudala kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zaseTshayina.
Impucuko ye-Indus Valley iyaziwa ngokusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi kobhedu kunye nobhedu kwizinto zokuhombisa, izixhobo, izixhobo kunye nezixhobo. Kodwa akukho nto ingako iphuculweyo kwitekhnoloji. Ukusuka kwi-various izinto kunye nemifanekiso eyombiweyo kwiindawo ze-Indus Valley, zibonakala ziqhelekile kuzo zonke iindlela zokuphosa ezaziwayo ezifana nokubumba okuvulekileyo, i-piece mold kunye nenkqubo ye-cire perdue.
Nangona i-Indiya inokuthiwa ngokuyilwa kwentsimbi enqamlezileyo, akukho nto ingako yokusekwa kwentsimbi ekhoyo eIndiya. Kukho ubungqina bokuba ukusekwa kwentsimbi kwaqala malunga ne-1000 BC eSiriya nasePersi. Iyavelaukubaukugalela ngentsimbiitekhnoloji eIndiya ibisetyenziswa ukusukela kumaxesha okuhlasela kuka-Alexander Omkhulu, malunga ne-300 BC.
Intsika yentsimbi edumileyo ngoku ebekwe kufutshane neQutb minar eDelhi ngumzekelo wezakhono zesinyithi zamaIndiya amandulo. I-7.2 m ubude kwaye yenziwe ngentsimbi esulungekileyo ethambileyo. Oku kucingelwa ukuba yeixesha le-Chandragupta II (375-413 AD) yobukhosi bakwaGupta. Isantya sokurusa sale ntsika, emi ngaphandle kumoya ovulekileyo siphantse sibe nguziro kwaye nendawo engcwatyiweyo iyarusa ngesantya esicotha kakhulu. OkuIfanele ukuba iphoswe kuqala yaze yagqityezelwa ukuya kwimilo yokugqibela.
2. Izinto eziluncedo kunye neMida
Inkqubo yokuphosa isetyenziswa kakhulu kwimveliso ngenxa yeenzuzo zayo ezininzi. Imathiriyeli enyibilikisiweyo iqukuqela kulo naliphi na icandelo elincinane kumgodi wokungunda kwaye njalo, nayiphi na imilo entsonkothileyo-yangaphakathiokanye yangaphandle-inokwenziwa kunye nenkqubo yokuphosa. Kuyenzeka ukugalela ngokwenyani nayiphi na imathiriyeli nokuba yi-ferrous okanye engeyiyo i-ferrous. Ngapha koko, izixhobo eziyimfuneko ezifunekayo zokubumba iimbumba zilula kakhulu kwayeezingabizi. Ngenxa yoko, ukuveliswa kovavanyo okanye ukuveliswa kwezinto ezincinci, yindlela efanelekileyo. Kuyenzeka kwinkqubo yokuphosa, ukubeka isixa sezinto apho sifuneka khona kanye. Nje ngeziphumoukunciphisa ubunzima kuyilo kunokufezekiswa.Ukusaswazipholiswa ngokubanzi ngokufanayo kuwo onke amacala kwaye ke ngoko zilindeleke ukuba zingabinandawo zalathiso. Kukho iintsimbi ezithile kunye ne-alloyenokusetyenzwa kuphela ngokuphosa kwaye hayi ngayo nayiphi na enye inkqubo efana ne-forging ngenxa yengqwalasela ye-metallurgical. Ukusaswa kwayo nayiphi na isayizi kunye nobunzima, ukuya kuthi ga kwiitoni ezingama-200 kunokwenziwa.
Nangona kunjalo, ukuchaneka komphezulu kunye nokugqitywa komphezulu kuphunyezwe ngokwesiqheloinkqubo yokuphosa isantiAyinakwanela kwisicelo sokugqibela kwiimeko ezininzi. Ukuthathela ingqalelo ezi meko, ukuphoswa okukhethekileyoiinkqubo ezifana ne-diecasting ziye zaphuhliswa, iinkcukacha zazo zinikwe kwizahluko ezilandelayo. Kwakhona, inkqubo yokuphosa isanti inzima kakhulu kwinqanaba elithile kwaye ngoko ke uphuculo oluninzi lujolise kuyo,ezifana nokubumba oomatshini kunye ne-Foundry mechanization. Ngezinye izixhobo kuhlala kunzima ukususa iziphene ezivela kubumanzi obukhoyoukuchithwa kwesanti.
3. Imiqathango yokuphosa
Kwezi zahluko zilandelayo iinkcukacha zokuphosa isanti, ezimele inkqubo esisiseko yokuphosa iya kubonwa. Phambi kokungena kwiinkcukacha zenkqubo, ukucacisa inani lamagama asetyenziswayo kwisigama kuya kubakufanelekile.
I-Flask– Iflaski yokubumba yeyona ibambe ukungunda kwesanti. Ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo yeflask kwisakhiwo sokubumba, ibhekiswa ngamagama ahlukeneyo afana nokudonsa, ukujamelana kunye nesihlathi. Yenziwe ngamaplangakwizicelo zexeshana okanye ngaphezulu ngokubanzi kwentsimbi ukusetyenziswa ixesha elide.
Tsala-Iflaski yokubumba esezantsi
Ukumelana-Iflaski yokubumba ephezulu
Isidlele-I-Flask yokubumba ephakathi esetyenziselwa ukubumba iziqwenga ezintathu.
Umzekelo-Ipateni yikopi yento yokugqibela ekufuneka yenziwe ngohlengahlengiso oluthile. Umgodi wokubumba wenziwa ngoncedo lomzekelo.
Umgca wokwahlula– Lo ngumgca wokwahlula phakathi kweeflaski ezimbini zokubumba ezenza ukungunda kwesanti. Kwipateni yokwahlula ikwangumgca wokwahlula phakathi kweziqingatha ezibini zepateni
Ibhodi ephantsi– Le yibhodi ngokuqhelekileyo eyenziwe ngamaplanga, esetyenziswa ekuqaleni kokubumba. Ipateni igcinwa kuqala kwibhodi ephantsi, isanti ifafazwe kuyo kwaye emva koko i-ramming yenziwa kwi-drag.
Ukujongana neSanti-Isixa esincinci sezinto zekhabhoni ezifafazwe kumphezulu ongaphakathi womgodi wokubumba ukunika umphezulu ongcono ukugqiba ukuphosa.
ISanti yokuBumba– Yimathiriyeli esanda kulungiswa esetyenziselwa ukwenza umgodi wokungunda. Ngumxube wodongwe lwe-silica kunye nokufuma ngokomlinganiselo ofanelekileyo ukuze ufumane iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo kwaye ujikelezeipateni ngelixa usenza ukungunda.
I-Backing Sand– Yiyo eyona nto iquka izinto ezininzi eziphikisayo ezifumaneka kubumba. Oku kwenziwa yisanti esetyenzisiweyo netshisiweyo.
Undoqo-Isetyenziselwa ukwenza imingxunya engenanto kwi-castings.
Isitya sokugalela– Umngxuma omncinane omile okwefuneli kumphezulu wokungunda apho kugalelwa isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo.
Spur– Ipaseji apho isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo sisuka kwisitya sokugalela sifike kumgodi wokungunda. Kwiimeko ezininzi ilawula ukuhamba kwesinyithi kubumba.
Imbaleki– Iipaseji kwinqwelomoya yokwahlula apho ukuhamba kwesinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo kulawulwa phambi kokuba zifike kumgodi wokungunda.
Isango– Eyona ndawo yokungena apho isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo singena kumgodi wokungunda.
I-Chaplet-IiChaplets zisetyenziselwa ukuxhasa ii-cores ngaphakathi kwendawo yokungunda ukukhathalela ubunzima bayo kwaye boyise amandla e-metallostatic.
Phola-Ii-Chills zizinto zetsimbi, ezifakwe kwi-mold ukunyusa izinga lokupholisa le-castings ukubonelela ngokufana okufanayo okanye izinga lokupholisa elifunwayo.
Umphakamisi-Liyindawo yokugcina isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo esibonelelwe ekubunjweni ukuze isinyithi esishushu sikwazi ukugeleza sibuyele kumngxuma wokungunda xa kukho ukucutha umthamo wesinyithi ngenxa yokuqina.
4. Inkqubo yokwenza iSanti Mold
Inkqubo yokwenza i-mold yesanti eqhelekileyo ichazwe kula manyathelo alandelayo:
Okokuqala, ibhodi ephantsi ibekwe okanye kwiqonga lokubumba okanye phantsi, lenze umgangatho. I-flask yokubumba i-drag igcinwa ijonge phantsi kwibhodi ephantsi kunye nenxalenye yokutsalaipateni embindini weflaski ebhodini. Kufuneka kubekho imvume eyaneleyo phakathi kwepatheni kunye neendonga zeflask ekufuneka ibe yi-50 ukuya kwi-100 mm. Isanti ejongeneyo eyomileyo ifafazwe ngaphezuluibhodi kunye nepateni ukunika umaleko nonsticky. Isanti ebumbayo esanda kulungiswa yomgangatho ofunekayo ngoku igalelwe kwi-drag kunye nakwipateni ukuya kubukhulu obuyi-30 ukuya kwi-50 mm. Intsalela yeflaski yokutsala yiizaliswe ngokupheleleyo ngesanti yogcino kunye ne-rammed ngokufanayo ukuze idibanise isanti. I-ramming yesanti kufuneka yenziwe ngokufanelekileyo ukuze ingayigxininisi kakhulu, eyenza ukuba kube nzima ukubaleka kweegesi,nokuba ikhululekile kakhulu, ukuze isikhunta singabi namandla aneleyo. Emva kokuba i-ramming iphelile, isanti engaphezulu kwi-flask ikhutshwe ngokupheleleyo usebenzisa i-bar flat ukuya kwinqanaba le-flask edges.
Ngoku, ngocingo lokuphumayo, olulucingo oluyi-1 ukuya kwi-2-mm ububanzi kunye nesiphelo esitsolo, imingxuma yokuphuma iyenziwa ngokutsalwa kubunzulu obugcweleyo beflaski kunye nakwipatheni ukulungiselela ukususwa kweegesi. ngexesha lokuphosaukuqina. Oku kugqiba ukulungiswa kotsalo.
I-flask yokutsala egqityiweyo ngoku iqengqeleke kwibhodi engezantsi iveza ipateni njengoko kubonisiwe kwifoto. Ukusebenzisa i-slick, imiphetho yesanti ejikeleze ipateni iyalungiswa kwaye isiqingatha sepateni sibekwe ngaphezulu.ipateni yokutsala, ukuyilungelelanisa ngoncedo lwezikhonkwane zedowel. I-flask ye-cope phezu kwe-drag ifumaneka ukulungelelanisa kwakhona ngoncedo lwezikhonkwane. Isanti eyomileyo yokwahlula ifafazwe kuyo yonke indawo yokutsala kunye nakwipateni.
Iphini ye-sprue yokwenza i-sprue passage ibekwe kumgama omncinci malunga ne-50 mm ukusuka kwipatheni. Kwakhona, i-ariser pin ukuba iyafuneka igcinwa kwindawo efanelekileyo kunye nesanti esanda kulungiswa efana naleyoyotsalo kunye nesanti exhasayo iyafafazwa. Isanti inqanyulwe ngokucokisekileyo, isanti engaphezulu ekhutshiweyo kunye nemingxunya ephumayo yenziwa yonke indawo kwicope njengakwidrag.
Iphini ye-sprue kunye ne-e riser pin zirhoxiswa ngononophelo kwiflask. Kamva, isitya sokuthulula sinqunywe kufuphi nomphezulu we-sprue. I-cope ihlukaniswe kwi-drag kunye nayiphi na isanti ekhululekile kwi-cope kunye ne-interface yokudonsayotsalo ivuthelwe ngoncedo lwemivumbo. Ngoku, ukhuphiswano kunye neehafu zeepateni zotsalo ziyarhoxiswa ngokusebenzisa izikhonkwane zokuzoba kunye nokuchwetheza ipateni macala onke ukuze ukwandise kancinci umngxuma wokungunda ukuzeiindonga zokungunda abonakaliswe yipateni yokurhoxisa. Abagijimi kunye namasango banqunywe kwi-mold ngononophelo ngaphandle kokonakalisa ukubumba. Nayiphi na intlabathi engaphezulu okanye ekhululekileyo efunyenwe kwiimbaleki kunye nomngxuma wokungunda uyavuthelwakude ngokusebenzisa imifuziselo. Ngoku, isanti ejongene nayo ngendlela yokuncamathisela isetyenziswa kuwo wonke umngxuma wokungunda kunye neembaleki, eziya kunika ukuphoswa okugqityiweyo kugqitywe kakuhle.
Undoqo wesanti owomileyo ulungiswa usebenzisa ibhokisi engundoqo. Emva kokubhaka okufanelekileyo, kufakwa kwi-mold cavity njengoko kuboniswe kwisithombe. I-cope ithathelwa indawo kwi-drag ithatha unonophelo lokulungelelaniswa kwezi zibini ngokusebenzisa iizikhonkwane. Ubunzima obufanelekileyo bugcinwa kwi-cope ukukhathalela amandla aphezulu e-metallostatic ngexesha lokugalelwa kwesinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo. Ukungunda ngoku, njengoko kubonisiwe kwifoto ilungele ukugalelwa.
Ixesha lokuposa: Dec-25-2020