Monel 400 Nickel Based Alloy

I-alloy ye-Monel yi-alloy ye-Ni-based alloy, i-chemical composition yayo i-nickel (Ni), umxholo ophezulu ukuya kuma-67%, enye i-chemical composition i-copper (Cu), kwaye iqulethe i-iron encinci (Fe) , manganese (Mn) kunye nekhabhoni (C), i-silicon (Si) kunye nezinye izinto.

Amandla e-Monel alloy aphezulu kune-nickel ecocekileyo, kwaye inokumelana nokubola kwemithombo yeendaba ezahlukeneyo, kuquka namanzi olwandle ahamba ngokukhawuleza. Iindlela zokusetyenzwa kwe-alloy ye-Monel zibandakanya ukusebenza okushushu, ukusebenza okubandayo, umatshini kunye ne-welding.

Ngowe-1901, uRobert Crooks Stanley, i-metallurgist kwi-International Nickel Company (INCO), yenza i-alloy ye-Monel.

Umthombo wegama le-alloy ye-Monel lisekelwe kulwazi lokuhlawula imbeko kusihlalo wenkampani ngoko u-Ambrose Monell (Ambrose Monell). Kamva, uMnu. Stanley ukwangusihlalo weInternational Nickel Corporation. I-Monel alloy yanikwa i-patent ngo-1906.

I-alloy ye-Monel yi-alloy ebiza ixabiso layo ngama-5-10 amaxesha obhedu olucocekileyo kunye ne-nickel ecocekileyo. Ke ngoko, isetyenziswa kuphela kwizicelo apho ingenako ukutshintshwa ngezinye iindlela ezingabizi kakhulu.

 

I-Chemical Compostion and Mechanicl Properties of Monel 400 Alloy (N0440):

 

Ukuqulunqwa kwemichiza yeMonel 400 Alloy (%)
C ≤	Si ≤	Mnu ≤	P ≤	S ≤	Cr ≥	Ni ≥	Mo ≥	Kuba ≤
0.3	0.5	2	-	0.024	-	63	-	28.0-34.0
Abanye	N ≤	A l≤	Ithi ≤	F e≤	Co ≤	V ≤	W ≤	Nb ≤
	-	-	-	2.5	-	-	-	-

1. I-Monel 400 (N04400) i-alloy tensile yamandla: σb ≥ 450 Mpa.
2. I-Monel 400 (N04400) i-alloy isivuno amandla: σb ≥ 170 Mpa.
3. I-Monel 400 (N04400) i-alloy elongation: δ ≥ 30%.

 

Iipropati zeMonel Alloy

I-alloy ye-Monel sisisombululo esiluqilima i-alloy yokubini. Ekubeni i-Ni kunye ne-Cu zichithwa omnye komnye, ikwayi-alloy yesigaba esisodwa. Xa kuthelekiswa nentsimbi, machining of Monel alloy kunzima, ingakumbi ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezikhawulezayo zokuqina. Ifuna ukujika ngesantya esiphantsi kunye namazinga okutya aphantsi.

Ubuninzi be-Monel alloy 400 yi-8.80 g / cm3, uluhlu lweqondo lokushisa olunyibilikayo luyi-1300 ~ 1350 °C, i-conductivity malunga ne-34% ye-IACS (i-IACS ibhekisela kwi-International Standard Conductivity ye-Annealed Copper), kunye nexabiso lobunzima obudibeneyo yi-65. IHRB. I-Monel alloy 400 yaziwa kakhulu ngokuqina kwayo kwaye inokugcina obu bunzima kuluhlu olubonakalayo lobushushu.

Inokumelana nokubola kweeasidi ezahlukeneyo kunye nealkali, kwaye ezinye iialloys zeMonel zinokumelana nokutshiswa kweoksijini ecocekileyo. Ngokuqhelekileyo isetyenziswa kwiindawo ezinobungozi kakhulu. I-alloy ye-Monel K-500 eyenziwe emva kokongeza inani elincinci le-aluminium (Al) kunye ne-titanium (Ti) inokumelana nokugqwala okufanayo njenge-Monel alloy 400 kodwa amandla aphezulu, nto leyo ibangelwa ukubunjwa kwesigaba se-γ ngexesha lonyango lokuguga. Kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo, i-alloy ye-Monel ibiza kakhulu kunensimbi engenasici.

I-alloy ye-Monel 400 inokugcina iimpawu ezibalaseleyo zoomatshini ngaphantsi kwe-zero. Nangona amandla kunye nobunzima buya kwanda, iplastiki okanye ukuqina kuya kuncipha kancinci. Nokuba ipholile kwi-hydrogen engamanzi, i-alloy ayiyi kudlula i-ductile-brittle transition. Lo ngowona mahluko ubalulekileyo phakathi kwe-alloy ye-Monel kunye ne-ferrous metal materials (intsimbi kunye nentsimbi) ene-brittleness ephantsi yobushushu.

I-Monel alloy inokumelana ne-corrosion efanelekileyo kwiindawo ezininzi, kodwa iyakwazi ukugqwala xa ibonakaliswe kumanzi etyuwa; ayinakumelana nokubola kwemithombo yeendaba equkethe i-nitric oxide, i-nitric acid, i-sulphur dioxide kunye ne-hypochlorite. Ukusetyenziswa kwe-alloy ye-Monel kuya kubangela ukubola kwe-electrochemical. Ngamanye amazwi, xa i-fasteners eyenziwe nge-aluminium, i-zinc okanye isinyithi idibana ne-Monel alloy, phantsi kweemeko ezithile (ezifana nokusetyenziswa emanzini olwandle ahamba ngokukhawuleza), ukuqinisa isinyithi Amalungu aya kugqwala ngokukhawuleza.

 

Ukusetyenziswa kwe-alloy ye-Monel

I-Aerospace
Ngeminyaka yee-1960. I-alloy ye-Monel iphumelele inani elikhulu lee-odolo kwintsimi yendawo kunye nokwakhiwa kweenqwelomoya. Isetyenziselwa ngakumbi ukwakha i-fuselage kunye nesikhumba senqwelomoya yejethi yovavanyo. Umzekelo, i-North American X-15 inokusetyenziselwa ukumelana nobushushu obukhulu obuveliswa kukungqubana kwe-aerodynamic ngexesha lokubhabha okukhawulezayo. I-Monel alloy isenako ukugcina amandla ayo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kakhulu, eyivumela ukuba igcine uzinzo kwimilo yayo kwizantya eziphezulu zokubhabha emoyeni. Ngexesha lokugcinwa kweenqwelo-moya, i-alloy ye-Monel isetyenziswe njengocingo lokutshixa kwiindawo eziphezulu zokushisa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba i-fasteners ivaliwe; ngenxa yezizathu zoqoqosho, iingcingo zokutshixa intsimbi zidla ngokusetyenziswa kwezinye iindawo.

Ukutsalwa kwe-oyile kunye nokusulungekiswa
I-Monel isetyenziselwa ukwenza iinxalenye ezidibanisa ngokuthe ngqo i-hydrofluoric acid kwiyunithi ye-alkylation. Ukuxhathisa okungaqhelekanga kwe-Monel alloy kwi-hydrofluoric acid corrosion kuyamangalisa. Iyakwazi ukumelana nayo yonke imilinganiselo ye-hydrofluoric acid, kwaye ubushushu bunokufikelela kwindawo yokubilisa ye-hydrofluoric acid. Oku kunokuba yimathiriyeli enokumelana nokugqwesa okuphezulu phakathi kwezinto eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswa kwi-alloy yobunjineli. I-alloy ye-Monel inokumelana nokubola kwee-sulfide ezahlukeneyo kunye ne-hydrochloric acid kwindawo yokunciphisa.

Ubunjineli baseLwandle
Ukumelana nomhlwa kwe-Monel alloy kuyenza ibe yimathiriyeli efanelekileyo kwizicelo zaselwandle, njengemibhobho yemibhobho, iishafti zempompo, iivalvu zaselwandle, iintambo zokuloba ezitroliyo, kunye nezihluzo zebhaskithi. Ezinye iialloys zeMonel azinamagnetic ngokupheleleyo, kwaye zisetyenziselwa ukwenza iintambo zeankile zabasebenza emgodini kunye nezindlu zezixhobo zokulinganisa umhlaba wemagnethi. Kwiiyacht, ucingo lwe-alloy ye-Monel lusetyenziselwa ukutshixa amakhamandela eentambo ze-ankile. I-Monel alloy ikwasetyenziselwa ukwenza iitanki zamanzi kunye neetanki zamafutha kunye nezinye izixhobo ezingaphantsi kwamanzi, ezifana ne-propeller shafts kunye ne-keel bolts.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ngenxa yengxaki ye-electrochemical corrosion (i-bimetallic corrosion) emanzini olwandle, i-alloy ye-Monel kufuneka ibe yodwa kwezinye izinyithi (ezifana nentsimbi) ngexesha lokwakhiwa kweenqanawa. IThe New York Times yapapashwa ngo-Agasti 25, 1915. Inqaku elithi "linika ingxelo ngengozi yeyacht enobude obuziimitha ezingama-215 ubude: "Iyacht yokuqala eyakhiwe ngokupheleleyo ngealloy ye-Monel yaguqulwa yaba ngamaqhekeza kwiiveki nje ezintandathu kwaye kunyanzeleke ukuba silahle." Ngombulelo kwi-electrochemical corrosion, i-keel yesakhiwo sensimbi ye-yacht yachithwa ngokukhawuleza kwaye yancitshiswa emva kokudibanisa ne-alloy ye-Monel, ekugqibeleni yakhokelela ekuweni kwe-yacht ephantsi. Ngokumalunga nophando lweentaka zolwandle, ngakumbi ukukhethwa kwezixhobo zeringi yokuchonga unyawo lwentaka, iringi yophawu lwentaka eyenziwe nge-Monel alloy isetyenziswe kwiintlobo ezininzi zeentaka zaselwandle, ezifana ne-albatross ezihlala kwindawo ezidliwayo zamanzi olwandle.

Sisxhobo somculo
I-alloy ye-Monel isetyenziselwa ukwenza iipistons okanye iirotor ezithile zesixhobo somculo ezikumgangatho ophezulu, ezinjengeempondo ezincinci, ezinkulu kunye neFrench. I-RotoSound yasebenzisa i-Monel alloy ukwenza iintambo zegitare zombane kwi-1962. Ezi ntambo zisetyenziswa ngabaculi abaninzi. Kwi-2017, inkampani yeentambo ze-D'Addario (inkampani yeentambo ze-D'Addario) ikhuphe isethi yeemveliso zentambo ye-violin, ephinda ibe neentambo ezijikelezayo ezinenxeba le-alloy ye-Monel kwi-D kunye ne-G strings.

 

Okunye Ukusetyenziswa
Iithegi zesazisi ezenziwe ngeMonel alloy (Iithegi zenja zamajoni aseMelika ngexesha leMfazwe yesibini yeHlabathi)

Ukuchasana nokugqwesa kwe-corrosion kwii-asidi ezahlukeneyo kunye ne-oksijini kwenza i-Monel alloy ibe yinto ephezulu kwishishini lemichiza. Ezinye iimeko zokusetyenziswa ezifana:
1. Ukutyetyiswa kwe-uranium, uninzi lwemibhobho yobubanzi obukhulu obusetyenziswa kwi-uranium hexafluoride yenziwe nge-Monel alloy;
2. Ivalve yokulawula uxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye negesi eqinileyo yebhotile esebenzayo (efana neHCl);
3. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, i-alloy ye-Monel yayisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwi-superheated system ye-steam generator sets;
4. I-alloy ye-monel iphinda isetyenziswe ukwenza iisinki zasekhitshini kunye neefreyimu ze-spectacle;
5. Igumbi lokutsha elisetyenziselwa ukwenza ityhubhu yokutshisa kwibhoyila;
6. Ubomi boyilo lweClock of Long Now yiminyaka eyi-10,000. Kwisiseko sokuba akukho zintsimbi zixabisekileyo zisetyenzisiweyo, ezinye iindawo zewotshi zenziwe nge-Monel alloy material esekelwe kwiinkxalabo malunga nokuxhathisa ukubola.