Ukucutshungulwa yinkqubo apho i-material (ehlala isinyithi) inqunyulwa ibe yinto efunwayo yokugqibela kunye nobukhulu ngenkqubo elawulwayo yokususwa kwezinto. Iinkqubo ezinomxholo oqhelekileyo, ukususwa kwezinto ezilawulwayo, namhlanje ziyaziwa ngokudibeneyo njengemveliso ekhuphayo, ngokwahlukileyo kwiinkqubo zokongezwa kwezinto ezilawulwayo, ezaziwa njengemveliso yokongeza. Ngokuchanekileyo into ethethwa licandelo "elilawulwayo" lenkcazo inokwahluka, kodwa isoloko ithetha ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zoomatshini (ukongeza kwizixhobo zamandla nje kunye nezixhobo zesandla).
Umatshini yinxalenye yokwenziwa kwezinto ezininziiimveliso zetsimbi, kodwa inokusetyenziswa nakwizinto ezinjengamaplanga, iplastiki, i-ceramic, kunye ne-composites. Umntu osebenza ngoomatshini ubizwa ngokuba ngumachini. Igumbi, isakhiwo, okanye inkampani apho kwenziwa khona oomatshini kuthiwa yivenkile yoomatshini. Ubuninzi bezinto zanamhlanje zenziwa ngokulawulwa kwamanani ekhompyutheni (CNC), apho iikhomputha zisetyenziselwa ukulawula ukuhamba kunye nokusebenza kwee-mills, iileyile kunye nabanye oomatshini bokusika. Oku kwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle, njengoko umatshini we-CNC uqhuba ngokungenamntu ngoko ke ukunciphisa iindleko zabasebenzi kwiivenkile zoomatshini.
| CNC Precision Machining Izakhono kwi RMC Foundry | |||
| Izibonelelo | Ubungakanani | Uluhlu lobungakanani (mm) | Amandla oNyaka |
| Iziko loMatshini elithe nkqo (VMC) | 48 iiseti | 1,500 × 1,000 × 800 | 6,000 ton okanye 300,000 amaqhekeza |
| Iziko loMatshini elithe tye (VMC) | 12 iiseti | 1,200 × 800 × 600 | Iitoni ezingama-2,000 okanye amaqhekeza angama-100,000 |
| Umatshini weCNC | 60 iiseti | Ukujika okuphezulu φ600 | Iitoni ezingama-5,000 okanye amaqhekeza angama-600,000 |
| Umgangatho wokunyamezela: ISO 8062 2013, ISO 2768, GOST 26645 (eRashiya) okanye i-GBT 6414 (eChina). | |||
Iinkqubo ezintathu eziphambili zomatshini zihlelwa njengokujika, ukugrumba kunye nokusila. Eminye imisebenzi ewela kwiindidi eziziintlobo ngeentlobo ibandakanya ukubunjwa, ukucwangcisa, ukukruqula, ukubhula nokusarha.
Ukuguqula imisebenzi yimisebenzi ejikeleza i-workpiece njengendlela ephambili yokuhambisa isinyithi ngokuchasene nesixhobo sokusika. Iileyile sisixhobo esiphambili somatshini esisetyenziswa ekujikeni.
Imisebenzi yokugaya yimisebenzi apho isixhobo sokusika sijikeleza ukuzisa imiphetho yokusika ukuba ithwale ngokuchasene nomsebenzi. Oomatshini bokugaya sesona sixhobo somatshini siphambili esisetyenziswa ekungquzeni.
Imisebenzi yokugaya yimisebenzi apho imingxuma iveliswa okanye ihlanjululwe ngokuzisa i-cutter ejikelezayo kunye neentambo zokusika kwinqanaba elisezantsi ukuze lidibane nomsebenzi. Imisebenzi yokugrumba yenziwa ikakhulu kumatshini wokushicilela kodwa ngamanye amaxesha kwiileyile okanye kwizixhobo zokusila.
Imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo yimisebenzi enokuthi ngokungqongqo ingabi yimisebenzi yomatshini kuba isenokungabi yimisebenzi yokuvelisa i-swarf kodwa le misebenzi yenziwa kwisixhobo somatshini esiqhelekileyo. Ukutshisa ngumzekelo wemisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Ukutshisa akuvelisi i-swarf kodwa kunokwenziwa kwi-lathe, i-mill, okanye i-drill press.
I-workpiece engagqitywanga efuna umatshini kuya kufuneka ukuba kunqunyulwe imathiriyeli ukuyila imveliso egqityiweyo. Imveliso egqityiweyo iya kuba ngumsebenzi ohambelana neenkcukacha ezibekwe kulo msebenzi ngemizobo yobunjineli okanye iplani. Ngokomzekelo, i-workpiece inokufuneka ibe ne-diameter ethile yangaphandle. I-lathe sisixhobo somatshini esingasetyenziselwa ukudala loo bubanzi ngokujikeleza i-workpiece yentsimbi, ukwenzela ukuba isixhobo sokusika sinqumle isinyithi, senze indawo egudileyo, ejikelezayo ehambelana nobubanzi obufunekayo kunye nokugqiba umphezulu. I-drill ingasetyenziselwa ukususa isinyithi kwimilo ye-cylindrical hole. Ezinye izixhobo ezinokuthi zisetyenziswe kwiindidi ezahlukeneyo zokususa isinyithi ngoomatshini bokungqusha, iisarha kunye noomatshini bokusila. Uninzi lwezi ndlela zobuchule zisetyenziswa ekwenzeni umthi.
Ubuchule bomatshini obuphezulu bubandakanya ukuchanekaCNC Machining, ukukhutshwa kombane (EDM), ukhukuliseko lwe-electro-chemical, ukusika i-laser, okanye ukusika ijethi yamanzi ukubumba izinto zokusebenza zetsimbi.
Njengelinge lezorhwebo, ukwenziwa komatshini ngokuqhelekileyo kwenziwa kwivenkile yoomatshini, enegumbi elinye okanye angaphezulu okusebenza aqulethe izixhobo ezinkulu zoomatshini. Nangona ivenkile yoomatshini inokuba ngumsebenzi ozimeleyo, amashishini amaninzi agcina iivenkile zoomatshini zangaphakathi ezixhasa iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zeshishini.
Ukutshiza kufuna ingqalelo kwiinkcukacha ezininzi ze-workpiece ukuhlangabezana neenkcukacha ezichazwe kwimizobo yobunjineli okanye iiplani. Ngaphandle kweengxaki ezicacileyo ezinxulumene nemilinganiselo echanekileyo, kukho ingxaki yokufezekisa ukugqiba okuchanekileyo okanye ukugudiswa komphezulu kwindawo yokusebenza. Isiphelo esisezantsi esifunyenwe kumphezulu owenziwe ngoomatshini wesixhobo sokusebenza sinokubangelwa kukubambezela okungachanekanga, isixhobo esibuthuntu, okanye unikezelo olungafanelekanga lwesixhobo. Rhoqo, oku kugqitywa komphezulu kubi, okwaziwa njengencoko, kubonakala ngokuqukunjelwa okanye ukugqibezela okungaqhelekanga, kunye nenkangeleko yamaza kumphezulu womatshini womsebenzi.
I-Machining yiyiphi na inkqubo apho isixhobo sokusika sisetyenziselwa ukususa iitshiphusi ezincinci zezinto eziphathekayo kwi-workpiece (i-workpiece idla ngokubizwa ngokuthi "umsebenzi"). Ukwenza umsebenzi, intshukumo ehambelanayo iyafuneka phakathi kwesixhobo kunye nomsebenzi. Esi sindululo esinxulumeneyo sifezekiswa kuninzi lomsebenzi womatshini ngokusebenzisa isindululo sokuqala, esibizwa ngokuba "yisantya sokusika" kunye nesindululo sesibini esibizwa ngokuba yi "feed". Ubume besixhobo kunye nokungena kwayo kwindawo yokusebenza, idibaniswe nezi zindululo, ivelise ubume obufunwayo bomsebenzi obangelwayo.
Imisebenzi yomatshini
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi zemisebenzi yomatshini, nganye iyakwazi ukuvelisa inxalenye ethile yejometri kunye nokuthungwa komphezulu.
Ukuguqula, ithuluzi lokusika elinomgca owodwa wokusika lisetyenziselwa ukususa izinto eziphathekayo kwi-workpiece ejikelezayo ukuvelisa i-cylindrical shape. Intshukumo ephambili inikezelwa ngokujikeleza i-workpiece, kwaye i-feed motion ifezekiswa ngokuhambisa isixhobo sokusika ngokucothayo kwindlela ehambelana ne-axis yokujikeleza kwendawo yokusebenza.
Ukwemba kusetyenziselwa ukwenza umngxuma ongqukuva. Ifezwa ngesixhobo esijikelezayo esinemiphetho emibini okanye emine yokusika i-helical. Isixhobo sondliwa ngendlela ehambelana ne-axis yayo yokujikeleza kwi-workpiece ukwenza umngxuma ojikelezayo.
Kwindawo ekruqulayo, isixhobo esinencam enye egobileyo echothiweyo siqhubela phambili kumngxuma owenziwe ngokurhabaxa kwisixhobo sokujikeleza sokwandisa kancinane umngxuma kunye nokuphucula ukuchaneka kwawo. Kumsebenzi wokugqiba kakuhle osetyenziswe kwinqanaba lokugqibela lokwenziwa kwemveliso.
I-Reaming yenye yemisebenzi yokulinganisa esusa isixa esincinci sentsimbi kumngxuma osele ugrunjiwe.
Kwi-milling, isixhobo esijikelezayo esinemiphetho yokusika emininzi sishukunyiswa kancinane xa sithelekisa nezinto ukuze kuveliswe inqwelomoya okanye indawo ethe tye. Isalathiso sentshukumo yokutya i-perpendicular kwi-axis yesixhobo sokujikeleza. Isantya sokuhamba sinikezelwa ngumsiki ojikelezayo wokusila. Iindlela ezimbini ezisisiseko zokusila zezi: I-peripheral milling kunye neFace milling.
Eminye imisebenzi yomatshini eqhelekileyo ibandakanya ukubunjwa, ukucwangcisa, ukubhula kunye nokusarha. Kwakhona, ukugaya kunye nokusebenza okufanayo kwe-abrasive kuhlala kubandakanywa phakathi koluhlu lomatshini.
Isixhobo sokusika sinomgca omnye okanye ngaphezulu obukhali kwaye senziwe ngento enzima kunezinto zokusebenza. I-edge yokusika isebenza ukwahlula i-chip kwizinto zokusebenza zabazali. Idityaniswe kumphetho wokusika iindawo ezimbini zesixhobo:
Ubuso beraki kunye neflanki.
Ubuso behariki obulawula ukuhamba kwetshiphu esandula ukwenziwa, bujongiswe kwi-engile ethile ibizwa ngokuba yi-rake angle "α". Ilinganiswa ngokumalunga ne-plane perpendicular kumphezulu womsebenzi. I-engile yeraki ingaba yi-positive okanye i-negative. I-flank yesixhobo inikezela imvume phakathi kwesixhobo kunye nomgangatho womsebenzi osandul 'ukwenziwa, ngaloo ndlela ukhusela umphezulu kwi-abrasion, eya kunciphisa ukugqiba. Le engile phakathi komphezulu womsebenzi kunye nomphezulu weflanki ibizwa ngokuba yi-engile yokukhulula. Kukho iintlobo ezimbini ezisisiseko zezixhobo zokusika:
Isixhobo senqaku elinye kunye nesixhobo se-multiple-cutting-edge
Isixhobo senqaku elinye sinomgca omnye wokusika kwaye sisetyenziselwa ukujika, ukukruqula nokucwangcisa. Ngexesha lokucoca, inqaku lesixhobo lingena ngaphantsi kwendawo yokuqala yokusebenza kwendawo yokusebenza. Inqaku ngamanye amaxesha lijikelezwe kwiradiyasi ethile, ebizwa ngokuba yi-nose radius.
Izixhobo ezininzi zokusika zineentambo ezingaphezulu kwesinye kwaye zihlala zifezekisa ukunyakaza kwazo ngokuhambelana nomsebenzi ngokujikeleza. Ukwemba kunye nokusila kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezijikelezayo zokusika ezininzi. Nangona iimilo zezi zixhobo zihluke kwisixhobo esinenqaku elinye, izinto ezininzi zejometri yesixhobo ziyafana.
CNC Machining Products of Grey Iron
