Intsimbi ekwazi ukumelana nobushushu ibhekisa kwintsimbi enokumelana ne-oxidation yobushushu obuphezulu kunye namandla aphezulu obushushu. Ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu kwe-oxidation yimeko ebalulekileyo yokuqinisekisa ukuba i-workpiece isebenza ixesha elide kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu. Kwindawo ene-oxidizing efana nomoya wobushushu obuphezulu, ioksijini iphendula ngokwekhemikhali kunye nomphezulu wentsimbi ukuze yenze iindidi zeeleya ze-iron oxide. Uluhlu lwe-oxide lukhululekile kakhulu, lulahlekelwa iimpawu zokuqala zentsimbi, kwaye kulula ukuwa. Ukuze kuphuculwe i-high-temperature oxidation resistance of steel, izinto ezixutywayo zongezwa kwintsimbi ukuguqula isakhiwo se-oxide. Izinto ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo i-alloying ziyi-chromium, i-nickel, i-chromium, i-silicon, i-aluminium kunye nokunye. Ukumelana nokushisa okuphezulu kwe-oxidation yensimbi kuhambelana kuphela nokwakheka kweekhemikhali.
Amandla aphezulu okushisa abhekisela kwikhono lentsimbi yokugcina imithwalo yomatshini ixesha elide kumaqondo aphezulu. Kukho iziphumo ezimbini eziphambili zentsimbi phantsi komthwalo womatshini kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu. Omnye uyathamba, oko kukuthi, amandla ayancipha ngokunyuka kwamaqondo obushushu. Okwesibini kukunyuka, oko kukuthi, phantsi kwesenzo soxinzelelo oluqhubekayo, inani le-deformation yeplastiki ikhula ngokukhawuleza ngexesha. I-deformation yeplastiki yentsimbi kwiqondo lokushisa eliphezulu ibangelwa i-intragranular slip kunye ne-granular boundary slip. Ukuphucula amandla okushisa aphezulu ensimbi, iindlela zokudibanisa zisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo. Oko kukuthi, i-alloying elements zongezwa kwintsimbi ukuphucula amandla okudibanisa phakathi kwe-athomu kunye nokwenza isakhiwo esilungileyo. Ukongeza i-chromium, i-molybdenum, i-tungsten, i-vanadium, i-titanium, njl., inokomeleza i-matrix yensimbi, ikhulise i-recrystallization yeqondo lokushisa, kwaye inokwenza i-carbides yesigaba sokuqinisa okanye i-intermetallic compounds, njenge-Cr23C6, i-VC, i-TiC, njl. Ezi zigaba zokuqinisa uzinzile kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, unganyibiliki, ungahlanganisi ukukhula, kwaye ugcine ubulukhuni babo. I-nickel yongezwa kakhulu ukufumanaaustenite. Iiathom ezikwi-athom zicwangciswe ngqongqo ngakumbi kune-ferrite, amandla okudibanisa ii-athom anamandla, kwaye ukusasazwa kwee-athom kunzima ngakumbi. Ngoko ke, amandla okushisa aphezulu e-austenite angcono. Ingabonwa ukuba amandla obushushu obuphezulu bensimbi enganyangekiyo ayihambelani kuphela nokubunjwa kweekhemikhali, kodwa inxulumene ne-microstructure.
Ubushushu obuphezulu bealloyiintsimbi zentsimbizisetyenziswa kakhulu kwiimeko apho ubushushu bokusebenza bungaphezulu kwe-650 ℃. Iintsimbi zentsimbi ezikwazi ukumelana nobushushu zibhekisela kwiintsimbi ezisebenza kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Uphuhliso lwentsimbi ekwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu lunxulumene ngokusondeleyo nenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji yamacandelo ahlukeneyo amashishini afana nezikhululo zamandla, iibhoyila, iiinjini zegesi, iinjini zokutsha zangaphakathi, kunye neenjini ze-aero. Ngenxa yobushushu obuhlukeneyo kunye noxinzelelo olusetyenziswa ngoomatshini abahlukeneyo kunye nezixhobo, kunye neendawo ezahlukeneyo, iintlobo zentsimbi ezisetyenzisiweyo nazo zahlukile.
IBanga eliLinganayo leNtsimbi eNgatyiwayo | |||||||||
| AMAQELA | AISI | I-W-stoff | I-DIN | BS | SS | UKUBALULEKILE | UNE / IHA | I-JIS | I-UNI |
| Intsimbi yentsimbi yeMartensitic kunye neFerritic | 420 C | 1,4034 | X43Cr16 | ||||||
| 440 B/1 | 1,4112 | X90 Cr Mo V18 | |||||||
| - | 1.2083 | X42 Kr 13 | - | 2314 | Z 40 C 14 | F.5263 | SUS 420 J1 | - | |
| 403 | 1.4000 | X6Cr13 | 403 S 17 | 2301 | Z 6 C 13 | F.3110 | I-SUS 403 | X6Cr13 | |
| (410S) | 1.4001 | X7 Kr 14 | (403 S17) | 2301 | Z 8 C 13 | F.3110 | I-SUS 410 S | X6Cr13 | |
| 405 | 1.4002 | X6 CrAl 13 | 405 S 17 | - | Z 8 CA 12 | F.3111 | I-SUS 405 | X6 CrAl 13 | |
| 416 | 1.4005 | X12 CrS 13 | 416 S 21 | 2380 | Z 11 CF 13 | F.3411 | SUS 416 | X12CrS13 | |
| 410 | 1.4006 | X 10 Kr 13 | 410 S21 | 2302 | Z 10 C 14 | F.3401 | SUS 410 | X12Cr13 | |
| 430 | 1.4016 | X6 Kr 17 | 430 S 17 | 2320 | Z 8 C 17 | F.3113 | SUS 430 | X8Cr17 | |
| 420 | 1.4021 | X20 Cr 13 | 420 S 37 | 2303 | Z 20 C 13 | F.3402 | SUS 420 J1 | X20Cr13 | |
| 420F | 1.4028 | X30 Cr 13 | 420 S 45 | (2304) | Z 30 C 13 | F.3403 | SUS 420 J2 | X30Cr13 | |
| (420) | 1.4031 | X39Cr13 | 420 S 45 | (2304) | Z 40 C 14 | F.3404 | (SUS 420 J1) | - | |
| 431 | 1.4057 | X20 CrNi 17 2 | 431 S 29 | 2321 | Z 15 CNi 16.02 | F.3427 | SUS 431 | X16CrNi16 | |
| 430F | 1.4104 | X12 CrMoS 17 | - | 2383 | Z 10 CF 17 | F.3117 | I-SUS 430 F | X10CrS17 | |
| 434 | 1.4113 | X6 CrMo 17 | 434 S17 | 2325 | Z 8 CD 17.01 | - | SUS 434 | X8CrMo17 | |
| 430Ti | 1.4510 | X6 CrTi 17 | - | - | Z 4 CT 17 | - | SUS 430 LX | X6CrTi17 | |
| 409 | 1.4512 | X5 CrTi 12 | 409 S 17 | - | Z 6 CT 12 | - | SUH 409 | X6CrTi12 | |
| Intsimbi yeAustenitic engatyiwa | 304 | 1.4301 | X5 CrNi 18 9 | 304 S 15 | 2332 | Z 6 CN 18.09 | F.3551 | I-SUS 304 | X5CrNi18 10 |
| 305 | 1.4303 | X5 CrNi 18 12 | 305 S 19 | - | Z 8 CN 18.12 | - | SUS 305 | X8CrNi19 10 | |
| 303 | 1.4305 | X12 CrNiS 18 8 | 303 S 21 | 2346 | Z 10 CNF 18.09 | F.3508 | I-SUS 303 | X10CrNiS 18 09 | |
| 304L | 1.4306 | X2 CrNiS 18 9 | 304 S 12 | 2352 | Z 2 CN 18.10 | F.3503 | SUS 304L | X2CrNi18 11 | |
| 301 | 1.4310 | X12 CrNi 17 7 | - | 2331 | Z 12 CN 17.07 | F.3517 | SUS 301 | X12CrNi17 07 | |
| 304 | 1.4350 | X5 CrNi 18 9 | 304 S 31 | 2332 | Z 6 CN 18.09 | F.3551 | I-SUS 304 | X5CrNi18 10 | |
| 304 | 1.4350 | X5 CrNi 18 9 | 304 S 31 | 2333 | Z 6 CN 18.09 | F.3551 | I-SUS 304 | X5CrNi18 10 | |
| 304LN | 1.4311 | X2 CrNiN 18 10 | 304 S62 | 2371 | Z 2 CN 18.10 | - | I-SUS 304 LN | - | |
| 316 | 1.4401 | X5 CrNiMo 18 10 | 316 S16 | 2347 | Z 6 CND 17.11 | F.3543 | SUS 316 | X5CrNiMo17 12 | |
| 316L | 1.4404 | - | 316 S 12/13/14/22/24 | 2348 | Z 2 CND 17.13 | SUS316L | X2CrNiMo17 12 | ||
| 316LN | 1.4429 | X2 CrNiMoN 18 13 | - | 2375 | Z 2 CND 17.13 | - | I-SUS 316 LN | - | |
| 316L | 1.4435 | X2 CrNiMo 18 12 | 316 S 12/13/14/22/24 | 2353 | Z 2 CND 17.13 | - | SUS316L | X2CrNiMo17 12 | |
| 316 | 1.4436 | - | 316 S 33 | 2343 | Z 6 CND18-12-03 | - | - | X8CrNiMo 17 13 | |
| 317L | 1.4438 | X2 CrNiMo 18 16 | 317 S 12 | 2367 | Z 2 CND 19.15 | - | I-SUS 317 L | X2CrNiMo18 16 | |
| 329 | 1.4460 | X3 CrNiMoN 27 5 2 | - | 2324 | Z5 CND 27.05.Az | F.3309 | SUS 329 J1 | - | |
| 321 | 1.4541 | X10 CrNiTi 18 9 | 321 S 12 | 2337 | Z 6 CND 18.10 | F.3553 | SUS 321 | X6CrNiTi18 11 | |
| 347 | 1.4550 | X10 CrNiNb 18 9 | 347 S 17 | 2338 | Z 6 CNNb 18.10 | F.3552 | SUS 347 | X6CrNiNb18 11 | |
| 316Ti | 1.4571 | X10 CrNiMoTi 18 10 | 320 S 17 | 2350 | Z 6 CNDT 17.12 | F.3535 | - | X6CrNiMoTi 17 12 | |
| 309 | 1.4828 | X15 CrNiSi 20 12 | 309 S 24 | - | Z 15 CNS 20.12 | - | SUH 309 | X16 CrNi 24 14 | |
| 330 | 1.4864 | X12 NiCrSi 36 16 | - | - | Z 12 NCS 35.16 | - | SUH 330 | - | |
| Duplex Steel engatyiwa | S32750 | 1.4410 | X 2 CrNiMoN 25 7 4 | - | 2328 | Z3 CND 25.06 Az | - | - | - |
| S31500 | 1.4417 | X 2 CrNiMoSi 19 5 | - | 2376 | Z2 CND 18.05.03 | - | - | - | |
| S31803 | 1.4462 | X 2 CrNiMoN 22 5 3 | - | 2377 | Z 3 CND 22.05 (Az) | - | - | - | |
| S32760 | 1.4501 | X 3 CrNiMoN 25 7 | - | - | Z 3 CND 25.06 Az | - | - | - | |
| 630 | 1.4542 | X5CrNiCNb16-4 | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
| A564/630 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Imigangatho yentsimbi echasene nobushushu kumazwe ahlukeneyo
1) Umgangatho waseTshayina
I-GB/T 8492-2002 "Iimeko zobuChwephesha bokuCalwa kweNsimbi eNgaxhathisi ubushushu" ichaza amabanga kunye neempawu zemishini yobushushu begumbi kwiintsimbi ezahlukeneyo ezikwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu.
2) Umgangatho waseYurophu
I-EN 10295-2002 imigangatho yentsimbi enganyangekiyo ekushiseni ibandakanya intsimbi eqinileyo ekwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu, intsimbi ekwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu, kunye nentsimbi exhathisayo kwi-austenitic-ferritic duplex ekwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu, kunye ne-nickel-based alloys kunye ne-cobalt-based alloys.
3) Imigangatho yaseMelika
Ukwakhiwa kweekhemikhali ezichazwe kwi-ANSI/ASTM 297-2008 "General Industrial Iron-Chromium, i-Iron-Chromium-Nickel Heat-resistant Steel Castings" sisiseko sokwamkelwa, kwaye uvavanyo lokusebenza koomatshini lwenziwa kuphela xa umthengi eyicela. ixesha lokuodola. Eminye imigangatho yaseMelika ebandakanya intsimbi enganyangekiyo ubushushu ibandakanya i-ASTM A447/A447M-2003 kunye ne-ASTM A560/560M-2005.
4) Umgangatho waseJamani
Kwi-DIN ka-17465 "Iimeko zobuGcisa bokuCalwa kweNtsimbi enganyangekiyo kubushushu", ukubunjwa kweekhemikhali, iipropathi zoomatshini kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi, kunye neempawu ezinobushushu obuphezulu bemigangatho eyahlukeneyo yentsimbi ekwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu zichazwe ngokwahlukeneyo.
5) Umgangatho waseJapan
Amabanga kwi-JISG5122-2003 "I-Heat-resistant Steel Castings" ngokusisiseko iyafana ne-American Standard ASTM.
6) Umgangatho waseRashiya
Kukho i-19 ye-heat-resistant-resistant cast steel class echazwe kwi-GOST 977-1988, kubandakanywa i-medium-chromium kunye ne-high-chromium ekwazi ukumelana nokushisa.
Impembelelo yokwakheka kweekhemikhali kubomi benkonzo yentsimbi ekwazi ukumelana nobushushu
Kukho izinto ezahlukeneyo zeekhemikhali ezinokuchaphazela ubomi benkonzo yentsimbi ekwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu. Ezi ziphumo zibonakaliswa ekuphuculeni ukuzinza kwesakhiwo, ukukhusela i-oxidation, ukwenza kunye nokuzinzisa i-austenite, kunye nokukhusela ukubola. Umzekelo, izinto ezinqabileyo zomhlaba, ezizii-trace elements kwintsimbi ekwaziyo ukumelana nobushushu, zinokuphucula kakhulu ukuxhathisa kwentsimbi kunye nokutshintsha i-thermoplasticity. Izinto ezisisiseko zentsimbi enganyangekiyo kubushushu kunye neealloyi zikhetha ngokubanzi isinyithi kunye nealloys enendawo yokunyibilika ephezulu, amandla okusebenza okuzidibanisa aphezulu okanye amandla asezantsi abekwe ecaleni. Iintsimbi ezahlukeneyo ezinokumelana nokushisa kunye ne-alloys ephezulu yokushisa zineemfuno eziphezulu kakhulu kwinkqubo yokunyibilikisa, kuba ubukho bokufakwa okanye iziphene ezithile zetsimbi kwintsimbi kuya kunciphisa umda wamandla okunyamezela kwezinto.
Impembelelo yobuchwepheshe obuphezulu njengonyango lwesisombululo kwimpilo yenkonzo yentsimbi enganyangekiyo
Kwizinto zetsimbi, ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo ezahlukeneyo zokunyanga ukushisa kuya kuchaphazela isakhiwo kunye nobukhulu beenkozo, ngaloo ndlela utshintshe iqondo lobunzima bokusebenza kwe-thermal. Kuhlalutyo lokungaphumeleli kokuphosa, kukho izinto ezininzi ezikhokelela ekungaphumeleli, ngokukodwa ukukhathala kwe-thermal kukhokelela ekuqalisweni kokuqhekeka kunye nophuhliso. Ngokuhambelanayo, kukho uluhlu lwezinto ezichaphazela ukuqaliswa kunye nokusasazwa kweentanda. Phakathi kwazo, umxholo wesulfure ubaluleke kakhulu kuba iintanda zihlala zikhula ecaleni kweesulfides. Umxholo wesulfure uchaphazelekayo ngumgangatho wezinto eziluhlaza kunye nokunyibilika kwazo. Ukukhutshwa okusebenzayo phantsi kwendawo ekhuselayo ye-hydrogen, ukuba i-hydrogen sulfide iqulethwe kwi-hydrogen, i-castings iya kuba yi-sulphurized. Okwesibini, ukwanela konyango lwesisombululo kuya kuchaphazela amandla kunye nokuqina kokuphosa.
