Ukusatywa kweentsimbi ezingezizo ezoron

Iintsimbi ze-ferrous zisetyenziswa kakhulu kwishishini lobunjineli ngenxa yokuphakama kwazo, uluhlu lweempawu zoomatshini kunye neendleko eziphantsi. Kusenjalo, iintsimbi ezingezizo i-ferrous zikwasetyenziswa kwizicelo ezahlukeneyo kwiipropathi zazo ezithile xa kuthelekiswa neealloys ezine-ferrous nangona ixabiso labo liphezulu. Iipropati ezinqwenelekayo zoomatshini zinokufumaneka kule mibhobho ngokuqiniswa komsebenzi, ukuqina kweminyaka, njl, kodwa kungekhona ngeenkqubo eziqhelekileyo zonyango lokushisa ezisetyenziselwa i-alloys ferrous. Ezinye zezinto ezingundoqo ezingenayo i-ferrous ezinomdla yi-aluminium, ubhedu, i-zinc, kunye ne-magnesium

1. IAluminiyam

Kuzo zonke ii-alloys ezingenayo i-ferrous, i-aluminium kunye ne-alloys yayo ibaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yeempawu zabo ezintle. Ezinye zeepropathi zealuminiyam esulungekileyo esetyenziselwa yona kushishino lobunjineli zezi:

• 1) I-thermal conductivity egqwesileyo (0.53 cal/cm/C)
• 2) Ukuhanjiswa kombane okugqwesileyo (376 600/ohm/cm)
• 3) Ubunzima obuphantsi (2.7 g/cm)
• 4) Indawo yokunyibilika ephantsi (658C)
• 5) Ukumelana nokugqwesa okugqwesileyo
• 6) Ayinatyhefu.
• 7) Inesinye sezona zibonakalisi ziphezulu (85 ukuya kuma-95%) kunye nokukhutshwa komsi ophantsi kakhulu (4 ukuya kwi-5%).
• I-8) Ithambile kakhulu kwaye i-ductile ngenxa yokuba ineempawu ezintle kakhulu zokuvelisa.

Ezinye zezicelo apho i-aluminiyam esulungekileyo isetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwizikhondatha zombane, iiradiyetha, iiyunithi zokupholisa umoya, izibonisi zamehlo nezikhanyisayo, kunye nefoyile kunye nemathiriyeli yokupakisha.

Ngaphandle kwezi zicelo ziluncedo zingentla, i-aluminiyam ecocekileyo ayisetyenziswa kakhulu ngenxa yezi ngxaki zilandelayo:

• I-1) Inamandla aphantsi (65 MPa) kunye nobunzima (20 BHN)
• 2. Kunzima kakhulu ukuwelda okanye ukuthengisa.

Iimpawu zomatshini we-aluminiyam zinokuphuculwa kakhulu ngokuxutywa kwe-alloying. Izinto eziphambili ze-alloying ezisetyenzisiweyo lubhedu, i-manganese, i-silicon, i-nickel kunye ne-zinc.

I-Aluminiyam kunye nobhedu zenza i-chemical compound CuAl2. Ngaphezu kobushushu obuyi-548 C inyibilika ngokupheleleyo kwi-aluminiyam engamanzi. Xa oku kucinywa kwaye kugugile (ukubamba ixesha elide kwi-100 - 150C), i-alloy eqinile ifunyenwe. I-CuAl2, engagugiyo ayinalo ixesha lokunyuka kwisisombululo esiqinileyo se-aluminium kunye nobhedu kwaye ngaloo ndlela ikwimeko engazinzanga (i-super-saturated kwi-temperature yegumbi). Inkqubo yokuguga ikhupha iincinci ezintle kakhulu zeCuAl2, ezibangela ukuqiniswa kwe-alloy. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba lukhuni kwesisombululo.

Ezinye izinto ze-alloying ezisetyenzisiweyo zifikelela kwi-7% ye-magnesium, ukuya kwi-1. 5% ye-manganese, ukuya kwi-silicon ye-13%, ukuya kwi-2% ye-nickel, ukuya kwi-5% ye-zinc kunye ne-1.5% yentsimbi. Ngaphandle kwezi, i-titanium, i-chromium kunye ne-columbium nazo zinokongezwa ngeepesenti ezincinci. Ukubunjwa kwezinye ii-alloys eziqhelekileyo ze-aluminiyam ezisetyenziselwa ukubumba isigxina kunye ne-die casting inikwe kwiThebhile 2. 10 kunye nezicelo zabo. Iipropati zomatshini ezilindeleke kwezi zixhobo emva kokuba ezi ziphonswe kusetyenziswa i-molds esisigxina okanye i-pressure cast casting iboniswe kwiThebhile 2.1

2. Ubhedu

Ngokufana ne-aluminiyam, ikopolo esulungekileyo ikwafumana ukusetyenziswa okubanzi ngenxa yeempawu zayo ezilandelayo

• 1) I-conductivity yombane yobhedu ecocekileyo iphezulu (5.8 x 105 / ohm / cm) kwifom yayo ecocekileyo. Nakuphi na ukungcola okuncinci kuhlisa i-conductivity kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, i-0. 1% ye-phosphorus inciphisa i-conductivity nge-40%.
• 2) Inomgangatho ophezulu kakhulu we-thermal conductivity (0. 92 cal / cm / C)
• 3) Yintsimbi enzima (i-gravity ethile 8.93)
• I-4) Iyakwazi ukudibanisa kunye ngokudibanisa
• 5) Ixhathisa umhlwa,
• 6) Inombala othandekayo.

Ubhedu olusulungekileyo lusetyenziswa ekwenzeni ucingo lombane, imivalo yebhasi, iintambo zothumelo, iityhubhu zesikhenkcisi kunye nemibhobho.

Iimpawu zomatshini zobhedu kwimeko yayo ecocekileyo ayilungile kakhulu. Ithambile kwaye ibuthathaka. Inokudityaniswa ngenzuzo ukuphucula iimpawu zoomatshini. Izinto eziphambili zokudibanisa ezisetyenzisiweyo zizinc, i-tin, ilothe kunye ne-phosphorus.

I-alloys yobhedu kunye ne-zinc ibizwa ngokuba yi-brasses. Ngomxholo we-zinc ukuya kwi-39%, ubhedu lubumba isigaba esisodwa (α-phase) isakhiwo. Iialloys ezinjalo zine-ductility ephezulu. Umbala we-alloy uhlala ubomvu ukuya kumxholo we-zinc we-20%, kodwa ngaphaya koko uba phuzi. Icandelo lesibini lesakhiwo elibizwa ngokuba yi-β-phase livela phakathi kwe-39 ukuya kwi-46% ye-zinc. Ngokwenyani yi-inter-metallic compound CuZn enoxanduva lokwanda kobunzima. Amandla obhedu ayanda ngakumbi xa izixa ezincinci zemanganese kunye nenickel zongezwa.

Iialloyi zobhedu ezinetoti zibizwa ngokuba ziibronzes. Ukuqina kunye namandla obhedu anyuka ngokunyuka kumxholo we-tin. I-ductility nayo iyancitshiswa ngokunyuka kwepesenti ye-tin ngaphezulu kwe-5. Xa i-aluminiyam iphinda idibaniswe (4 ukuya kwi-11%), i-alloy ephumayo ibizwa ngokuba yi-aluminiyam yobhedu, enokumelana nokukhula okuphezulu kakhulu. Iibronzi zixabisa kakhulu xa zithelekiswa nobhedu ngenxa yobukho betoti eyintsimbi ebiza imali eninzi.

3. Ezinye iintsimbi ezingezizo ezoNyoro

Zinc

I-Zinc isetyenziswa ngokuyintloko kubunjineli ngenxa yobushushu obuphantsi bokunyibilika (419.4 C) kunye nokumelana nokugqwala okuphezulu, okunyuka ngokucoceka kwe-zinc. Ukuxhatshazwa kwe-corrosion kubangelwa ukubunjwa kwe-coating oxide coating on the surface. Izicelo eziphambili ze-zinc zifakwe kwi-galvanizing ukukhusela isinyithi kwi-corrosion, kwishishini lokushicilela kunye nokuphosa ukufa.

Ukungalungi kwe-zinc yi-anisotropy eyomeleleyo ebonakaliswe phantsi kweemeko zokukhubazeka, ukungabikho kozinzo lwe-dimensional phantsi kweemeko zokuguga, ukunciphisa amandla empembelelo kumaqondo aphantsi kunye nokuba sengozini kwi-corrosion inter-granular. Ayinakusetyenziselwa inkonzo engaphezulu kobushushu obuyi-95.C kuba iyakubangela ukwehla okukhulu kumandla okuqina kunye nobulukhuni.

Ukusetyenziswa kwayo ngokubanzi kwi-die castings kungenxa yokuba ifuna uxinzelelo oluphantsi, olukhokelela kubomi bokufa obuphezulu xa kuthelekiswa nezinye ii-alloys zokuphosa. Ngapha koko, inokusebenza kakuhle kakhulu. Isiphelo esifunyenwe nge-zinc diecasting sihlala sanele ukunika imvume yokuqhubela phambili, ngaphandle kokususwa kwesibane esikhoyo kwinqwelomoya yokwahlukana.

Magnesium

Ngenxa yobunzima bokukhanya kunye namandla afanelekileyo omatshini, i-magnesium alloys isetyenziswa kwizantya eziphezulu kakhulu. Ngobunzima obufanayo, i-magnesium alloys ifuna kuphela i-37. 2% yobunzima bensimbi ye-C25 ngaloo ndlela igcina ubunzima. Izinto ezimbini eziphambili ze-alloying ezisetyenzisiweyo ziyi-aluminiyam kunye ne-zinc. Iialloyi zeMagnesium zinokugalelwa isanti, ukuphoswa kokungunda okusisigxina okanye ukuphoswa kwefa. Iipropati ze-sand-cast magnesium alloy components zithelekiseka nezo ze-mold cast esisigxina okanye i-die-cast components. I-alloys ye-die-casting ngokubanzi i-ally inomxholo ophezulu wobhedu ukwenzela ukuba ivumeleke ukuba yenziwe kwiintsimbi zesibini ukunciphisa iindleko. Zisetyenziselwa ukwenza amavili emoto, iikeyiki ze-crank, njl njl. Okukhona umxholo uphezulu, uphezulu amandla omatshini we-magnesium-eyenziwe ingxubevange efana nezixhobo eziqengqelekayo kunye nezobugwegwe. I-Magnesium alloys inokudityaniswa ngokulula ngobuninzi beenkqubo zemveli ze-welding. Ipropati eluncedo kakhulu ye-magnesium alloys yi-machinability yabo ephezulu. Bafuna kuphela malunga ne-15% yamandla omatshini xa kuthelekiswa nentsimbi ye-carbon ephantsi.