Ukuhlolwa kweRadiographic of Castings

Ukuhlolwa kweRadiographic of Castings

 

1. Umgaqo osisiseko we-radiography

Kwinkqubo yokungena kwi-casting, i-X-ray okanye i-γ-ray idibanisa kunye nezinto eziphathekayo, kwaye ukuqina kwayo kuncitshiswa ngokuxutywa kunye nokusabalalisa. Imifanekiso enamanqanaba ahlukeneyo obumnyama ahambelana nesakhiwo sangaphakathi kunye neziphene zezinto eziphathekayo zinokufumaneka kwifilimu yezithombe. Ubume besiphene bujongwa kwizinto ezifana nokumila, ubungakanani, ubungakanani, ukuqhelaniswa, ukusasazwa kunye nobumnyama bomfanekiso, kwaye isiphene sihlelwa kwaye silinganiswe ngokobume, ubungakanani kunye nobuninzi besiphene. Ngale ndlela, sinokwazi uhlobo kunye nobukhulu beziphene zangaphakathi zokuphosa.

 

2. I-Radiographic Sensitivity kunye noMgangatho woMfanekiso

Ubuzaza beRadiographic bubhekiselele ekukwazini ukufumana ezona ziphene zincinci kwicasting. Ngenxa yempembelelo yendalo, indawo, i-orientation, ubuninzi, ubungakanani kunye nezinye izinto zeziphene ekubunjweni, ubuthathaka bokubona impazamo ngexesha lenkqubo yokufota kugqitywa ngumgangatho womfanekiso wesithombe. Imitha yomgangatho womfanekiso (eyaziwa ngokuba yipenetrometer) sisalathisi. Yenziwe ngezinto ezifanayo kunye ne-coefficient yokunciphisa efanayo kunye nokuphosa. Iimitha zomgangatho wemifanekiso eqhelekileyo ziimitha zomgangatho womfanekiso wocingo, iimitha zomgangatho womfanekiso womngxuma kunye nemitha yomgangatho womfanekiso we-slot. Umgca (umngxuma, i-groove) ububanzi bemitha yekhwalithi yomfanekiso imelwe yisalathisi somgangatho womfanekiso. Ubukhulu bexabiso lesalathisi, mbi kakhulu umgangatho womfanekiso. Ngale ndlela, uvakalelo lwe-radiographic flaw kufunyaniswe lungabonakaliswa ngokungathanga ngqo ngesalathiso somgangatho womfanekiso. Imitha yomgangatho womfanekiso sisixhobo sokulinganisa umgangatho wefoto, ayibonisi ubungakanani bokwenyani beziphene ngaphakathi kwe-casting enokuthi ibonwe.

 

3. Imigangatho eqhelekileyo yamazwe ngamazwe yovavanyo lweradiographic.

Ifilim yereyidi yereferensi ye-ASTM ngumgangatho okhoyo ngoku owaziwayo kumazwe ngamazwe.

 

4. Iimpawu zoHlolo lweRadiographic

I-1) Inzuzo enkulu yokuhlolwa kwe-radiographic kukuba i-intuitive kwaye kulula ukugweba uhlobo lweziphene. Iziphene zangaphakathi kwii-casting zinokubonwa kwifilim logama nje zingaphakathi kuluhlu lobuntununtunu befoto.

I-2) Ukuhlolwa kwe-Radiographic kunokuqonda okuphezulu kokufumanisa i-volumetric defects (njengama-pores, i-shrinkage cavities, i-shrinkage porosity, ukufakwa kwesanti, kunye nokufakwa kwe-slag); inovakalelo oluthile lweziphene ezicwangcisiweyo (ezifana neentanda, ukungabikho kokudibanisa, njl.). Nangona kunjalo, xa ubukhulu be-casting bungaphezulu kwe-40mm, kunzima ukufumana iziphene ezinjengokucutha kwindawo enkulu ekuhlolweni kwe-radiographic, kwaye uvakalelo lokubona iintanda ezincinci nazo ziphantsi.

I-3) Imifanekiso inokugcinwa kwaye igcinwe ixesha elide ukuze isetyenziswe kamva kwaye ihlolwe kwakhona.

I-4) Ukuhlolwa kwe-Radiographic kufuna izixhobo ezikhethekileyo kunye neziza, iindleko ziphezulu, kwaye umjikelo wokuhlola ude, ongafanelekanga ukukhawuleza kunye nokuhlolwa kwebhetshi ye-castings.

 

5 Ukuhlelwa Kweziphene kunye neBanga

Iziphene zangaphakathi ze-macroscopic ezifunyenwe ngokuhlolwa kwe-radiographic zingahlulwa zibe ziindidi ezintlanu: i-porosity, ukufakwa kwesanti kunye nokufakwa kwe-slag, i-shrinkage cavity kunye ne-shrinkage porosity, intsimbi yangaphakathi engaxutywanga kunye ne-core engaxutywanga, i-crack eshushu kunye ne-cold crack.

1) Iziphene zesisu. I-Stomata ibonakala njengamachokoza amnyama angqukuva okanye ombhoxo, ngamanye amaxesha anemisila, asasazwe ngokwamaqela okanye eyedwa. Xa isasazwa ngokwamaqela, imifanekiso ithande ukugqithelana kwaye inemilo engaqhelekanga. Iibhobhobhobho zivame ukubonakala ekuqinisweni kokugqibela kokuphosa, apho igesi iqokelela kwaye ayikwazi ukubaleka. Ukuqulunqwa kwee-pores ezinenaliti kuhlobo lokungenelela olusebenzayo, kunye nomgangatho ongaphezulu we-casting ulungelelaniswe kwimigqa kwaye usasazwe ngokusasazwa nge-perpendicular kumphezulu.

2) Iziphene zokubandakanywa kwesanti kunye nokufakwa kwe-slag. I-Sand kunye ne-slag inclusions ihanjiswa kwi-dot engaqhelekanga okanye i-line shape. Xa zikwisimo somgca, zinobubanzi obuthile kwaye zinokusasazwa ngokungenamkhethe ngaphakathi kokusalwa. Ukufakwa kwe-slag kaninzi kwenzeka malunga nomzantsi we-shrinkage cavity, kunye nokufakwa kwesanti ngamanye amaxesha kusasazwa kumphezulu wokuphosa.

3) I-Shrinkage cavities kunye ne-shrinkage porosity defects. Ngokwemilo emacala-ntathu, iziphene ze-shrinkage cavity of castings zinokwahlulwa zibe yi-tubular, dendritic kunye ne-shrinkage cavities yendawo enkulu. Ezo ziphene zisasazwa ezantsi kwesikhuphukeli nakwindawo yokugqibela eqinileyo eshushu. I-Shrinkage cavities ivame ukuvela ngexesha elifanayo njenge-pores, i-slag inclusions kunye ne-shrinkage porosity.

4) Iziphene ezingaxutywanga. Imifanekiso yeziphene ezingaxutywanga zifana nokuqhekeka, kwaye zonke ziyimigca emnyama, kodwa elinye icala lemigca licandelo lomgca othe ngqo, owenzeka kuphela kwindawo apho i-chiller yangaphakathi okanye inkxaso engundoqo ilungiselelwe.

5) Iziphene ezifana nokuqhekeka. Ekuhloleni i-radiographic, iziphene ezinjenge-crack zibonisa imigca emnyama emfanekisweni kunye neemilo ezingaqhelekanga, ezinye zithe tye, ezinye zithe tye ngokuthe ngqo, kodwa iziphelo zazo zibukhali kwaye intloko ayingqukuva. Iziphene ezifana nokuqhekeka zibonakala ngokubanzi kwindawo eshushu yokuphosa okanye ukudityaniswa kweenguqu ezikhawulezayo kwicandelo.